Grammatical Errors found In Student Of English department’s Essay

ENGLISHDEPARTMENT’S ESSAY

ATHESIS

BY

SELVIEAGUSTINA

PUTRIREG. NO.100705085

DEPARTMENTOFENGLISH

FACULTYOFCULTURALSTUDIES

UNIVERSITY OFSUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN2015

GRAMMATICALERRORSFOUNDINSTUDENTOFENGLISH

DEPARTMENT’SESSAY

ATHESIS BY

SELVIE AGUSTINAPUTRI REGNO100705085

SUPERVISOR CO– SUPERVISOR

Dr. RidwanHanafiah, SH. MA Drs.

YulianusHarefa,M.Ed.TESOLNIP. 19560705 198903 1 002 NIP.

19610703 198601 1 001

SubmittedtoFacultyofCulturalStudiesofSumateraUtaraMedaninpartial

fulfillmentoftherequirements forthedegreeofSarjanaSastrafrom Departmentof English

DEPARTMENT OFENGLISH

FACULTYOFCULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITYOFSUMATERAUTARA

ApprovedbytheDepartmentofEnglish,FacultyofCulturalStudiesUniversity of Sumatera Utara (USU) MedanasthesisfortheSarjanaSastra Examination

Head, Secretary,

Dr.H.Muhizar Muchtar,MS Rahmadsyah Rangkuty, MA.Ph.D

Accepted bytheBoardofExaminers inpartialfulfillmentofrequirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of CulturalStudies Universityof Sumatera Utara

The examination is held in the Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara onSaturday, July4, 2015

TheDeanof Facultyof CulturalStudies Universityof Sumatera Utara

Dr. H. SyahronLubis, MA NIP. 19511013 197603 1 001

Boardof Examiners Signature

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar,MS ………

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA.Ph.D……… Dr. H.

SyahronLubis, MA ……… Dr. RidwanHanafiah, SH.MA ………

Firstofall,I wouldlike topraiseandgivethegreatesthonor to theHeavenly

FathertheAlmightyGodinthenameofJesusChristwhohasalwaysbeengiving

Hisblessing,guidanceandspirittofinishmy studyespecially incompletingthis thesis.

Inthisopportunity,IwouldliketoexpressmyhighappreciationtoDr.H.

SyahronLubis,MA,theDeanofFacultyofCulturalStudies,andDr.H.Muhizar Muchtar,

MS, to theHead of English Department, and Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA.

Ph.DastheSecretary ofEnglishDepartment,whohavegivenmefacilitiesand

opportunitiesincompleting thisthesis..AndalsothanktoDr.RidwanHanafiah,SH.

MA,my supervisor,andDrs.YulianusHarefa,M.Ed.TESOL,my co-supervisor,

thankyoufortheirtime, thought,suggestionandsupportinordertoguidemein

writingthisthesis.Gratitudegoestoall my lecturerswhohavesharedtheirprecious thought

and valuableknowledge through myacademicyears.

My lovely thankstomybeloved,supportive,andgreatfamily,my bestfather

FaridChilmi,my lovely

adorablepowerfulmotherSellyFondaEllyanceGinting.Moreover,Ithanktomylovingbrot

hersandsister FarisNdemmyKristantoPutra,

KapitJakaSeptiantoandMariaAnastasyaandmy cousinJoiceChristinSitumorang

thelatefor their loving, caring, andkindness thatencouraged metofinish this thesis. God

blessyou all and Iwill alwaysloveyou forever more.

Thankyouso much to thosewhohas beengiving methejoy,laughter and

manyotherthings,SarahIsrailaBangun,MargarethaSitumorang,MestikaPasaribu.

Alsospecialthanktomylovelybrother,ApenielSentosaWaruwu,forgiving

meabeautifulmomentsandsupporttofinishthisthesis.Lastbutnotleast,many

thanksformyfriendsofbatch2010inEnglishDepartmentwhohadbeenbeing with

meinfiveyearsmy lifeincampus,sorryIcannotmentionyournames.Seeyouin betterlife.

Fighting!

Medan, Juni2015

Writer,

ABSTRACT

This thesis dealtwith theanalysis ofgrammaticalerrorfound inStudents’ Essay. objectivesofthestudy weretofindoutthetypesofgrammaticalerror,themost dominanttypeofgrammaticalerrorandtheimpactsofitforreaders.thisanalysis

wasconductedbyusingdescriptivequalitativemethod.objectofthisanalysiswas

thestudents’essay ofenglishdepartmentwhichconsistsoftwenty (20)essays.therewerenine(9)grammaticalerrors whichbecamethefocus in this analysis,namely: subjectverbagreement,singularplural,toinfinitive,passivevoice, forms of adjective,redundancy,preposition,parallelstructure,and misplacedword.The findings showed that there were nine (9) types of grammatical error found in

Students’Essay,theywere:subjectverbagreement30items(28.84%),preposition

23 items (22.11%), passive voice 14 items (13.46%), singular plural 10 items (9.61%), to infinitive9 items (8.65%), forms of adjective5 items (4.80%), redundancy 5items(4.80%),misplacedword5items(4.80%),andparallelstructure

3 items (2.88%).SubjectVerbAgreementwas proven tobethemostdominant grammaticalerrorinthestudents’essay anditmadereadersconfusedtounderstand the essays.

ABSTRAK

Penelitian iniberkaitan dengan analisaakangrammatical error akan Students’ Essay. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukanjenis-jenis kesalahan penggunaankatadalamkalimat,grammatical erroryang paling mendominasi,dan dampakbagipembacaketika merekamenemukangrammatical errorspadaStudents’ Essay.Skripsiinimenggunakanmetodedeskriptifkualitatif.Bahanuntukskripsi ini adalahStudents’EssaydariJurusanInggrissebanyak20essay.Adasembilan(9)

jenisgrammatical error yangmenjadifokus skripsi ini,yaitu:subjectverb agreement, singularplural, toinfinitive,passivevoice, formsof adjective,redundancy, preposition, parallelstructure, danmisplaced word. Penemuan menunjukkan bahwa ada9jenisgrammaticalerroryangditemukandiStudents’Essay,yaitu: subjectverb agreement30kalimat(28.84%),preposition23kalimat(22.11%), passivevoice14 kalimat(13.46%), singular plural10 kalimat(9.61%), toinfinitive9 kalimat(8.65%), formsofadjective5kalimat(4.80%),redundancy5kalimat(4.80%),misplaced

word5kalimat(4.80%),and parallelstructure3 kalimat(2.88%).SubjectVerb Agreementterbuktimenjadigrammatical erroryang paling dominanpadaStudents’ Essay danhalinimembuatpembacakesulitanuntukmendapatkanmaknadariessay tersebut.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AUTHOR DECLARATION COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

TABLE OFCONTENTS... i

CHAPTERI INTRODUCTION... 1

1.1 Background of theStudy... 1

1.2 Problemof theStudy ... 4

1.3 Objectivesof theStudy... 4

1.4 Scopeof theStudy... 5

1.5 Significanceof theStudy... 5

CHAPTERII REVIEWOFLITERATURE... 7

2.1 Definition of Linguistics... 7

2.2 SubfieldsofLinguistics... 8

2.3 Syntax... 10

2.4 Grammar... 11

2.4.1 SubjectVerb Agreement... 12

2.4.2 SingularPlural... 15

2.4.4 PassiveVoice... 20

2.4.5FormsofAdjective... 20

2.4.6 Redundancy... 22

2.4.7 Preposition... 22

2.4.8 ParalleismStructure... 24

2.4.9 Missplaced Word... 25

2.5 TheImpactsof Grammatical in Essay... 25

CHAPTER IIIMETHODOFRESEARCH... 27

3.1 Research Method ... 27

3.2 Population and Simple... 28

3.3Location and Timeof Observation... 29

3.4 DataCollectingMethod... 29

3.5 DataAnalyzing Method... 30

CHAPTER IVANALYSISANDFINDING ... 32

4.1 DataAnalysis... 32

4.2 TypesofGrammaticalError... 32

4.2.1 SubjectVerb Agreement... 32

4.2.2 Singular Plural... 43

4.2.3 To Infinitive... 48

4.2.4 PassiveVoice... 52

4.2.5FormsofAdjective... 58

4.2.8 ParallelStructure... 72

4.2.9 Misplaced Word... 74

4.3Finding... 76

4.4 TheImpactof GrammaticalError... 79

CHAPTERV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION... 80

5.1 Conclusion... 80

5.2 Suggestion... 81

REFERENCES... 82 APPENDIX

ABSTRACT

This thesis dealtwith theanalysis ofgrammaticalerrorfound inStudents’ Essay. objectivesofthestudy weretofindoutthetypesofgrammaticalerror,themost dominanttypeofgrammaticalerrorandtheimpactsofitforreaders.thisanalysis

wasconductedbyusingdescriptivequalitativemethod.objectofthisanalysiswas

thestudents’essay ofenglishdepartmentwhichconsistsoftwenty (20)essays.therewerenine(9)grammaticalerrors whichbecamethefocus in this analysis,namely: subjectverbagreement,singularplural,toinfinitive,passivevoice, forms of adjective,redundancy,preposition,parallelstructure,and misplacedword.The findings showed that there were nine (9) types of grammatical error found in

Students’Essay,theywere:subjectverbagreement30items(28.84%),preposition

23 items (22.11%), passive voice 14 items (13.46%), singular plural 10 items (9.61%), to infinitive9 items (8.65%), forms of adjective5 items (4.80%), redundancy 5items(4.80%),misplacedword5items(4.80%),andparallelstructure

3 items (2.88%).SubjectVerbAgreementwas proven tobethemostdominant grammaticalerrorinthestudents’essay anditmadereadersconfusedtounderstand the essays.

ABSTRAK

Penelitian iniberkaitan dengan analisaakangrammatical error akan Students’ Essay. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukanjenis-jenis kesalahan penggunaankatadalamkalimat,grammatical erroryang paling mendominasi,dan dampakbagipembacaketika merekamenemukangrammatical errorspadaStudents’ Essay.Skripsiinimenggunakanmetodedeskriptifkualitatif.Bahanuntukskripsi ini adalahStudents’EssaydariJurusanInggrissebanyak20essay.Adasembilan(9)

jenisgrammatical error yangmenjadifokus skripsi ini,yaitu:subjectverb agreement, singularplural, toinfinitive,passivevoice, formsof adjective,redundancy, preposition, parallelstructure, danmisplaced word. Penemuan menunjukkan bahwa ada9jenisgrammaticalerroryangditemukandiStudents’Essay,yaitu: subjectverb agreement30kalimat(28.84%),preposition23kalimat(22.11%), passivevoice14 kalimat(13.46%), singular plural10 kalimat(9.61%), toinfinitive9 kalimat(8.65%), formsofadjective5kalimat(4.80%),redundancy5kalimat(4.80%),misplaced

word5kalimat(4.80%),and parallelstructure3 kalimat(2.88%).SubjectVerb Agreementterbuktimenjadigrammatical erroryang paling dominanpadaStudents’ Essay danhalinimembuatpembacakesulitanuntukmendapatkanmaknadariessay tersebut.

CHAPTERI INTRODUCTION

1.1. Backgroundof theStudy

Manisgregariuoscreature,whichmeansthathe likestolivetogetherwith

otherhumanssinceitishisnature.Everyindividualhastheirowninterestor

needstosatisfy themselvesandthey canachieveitifthey areabletoliveinease

withotherpeoplebecausethey needoneanother.Peacefulnesscanbecreated

amongthemifthey haveagoodcommunication.Eachtimediscussingabout

communication, languageis themostessentialtoolthatwilldeterminewhatkind of

conditiontheywillhave.

Humanisthehighestcreationamong othersandthegoodthingabout

humanishiscreativity.Itisproventhroughthemediatheyapplytotransferevery

ideatheyhaveintheirmindandshareittootherssobetterlifeisnotadream

anymorebutitwillbecomereality.Allthis canbeimplementedunless agood

communication ispartof principle in theirlife. Communication isan activitydone

toexpresseverythingwhichappearswithinhumanmindand togetthereal meaning

ofitsmessage,languageis usedtoexpressordeliverevery ideaso,there

willbenomissunderstandingbetweenspeakerandhearer.“Languageis theability to

acquire and use complex systems ofcommunication, particularly thehuman abilitytodoso,and alanguageisanyspecificexampleofsucha

system”(https://en.wikipedia.org). Meanwhile, according to Owen (2008:1): “Languagecanbedefinedasasociallysharedcombinationsofthosesymbols

andrulegovernedcombinationsofthosesymbols.”Itisobviousnow,language

hasasystem,whichmeansthatithasbeenformulatedandithasapatternof

whichmanhastofollowso,peoplecancomprehendhismessage.Speakingof

language,therearemany elementsin itsothateverywrittenorspokenexpression

conceivesmeaning.Study elaboratesallpartswhichinvolveintheprocessof

languageformation islinguistics.

Everybodyrealizes,wordswillmeannothingifthey ignorethegoverned

combinationlanguageownsbecauseitisthecentralpointofcommunication.As ithas

beenunderstood thatlanguageis likeabridgetoshareinformation thatman

useintheirdaily activity.Towidenthecomprehensionaboutlinguistics,itis

importanttolookwhatlinguist’sdefinition.“Linguisticsis thescienceof language,

including thesounds, words, and grammar rules”(http://ielanguages.com).Languageisaproductofhumancreativity and

linguistics is afieldtoanalyzeswhatelements aretakenwhenhestarts

communicating.Every elementfoundininteractionthathedoeseveryday is

elucidatedin linguistics subfields.

Pronunciationand compositionofwordsconstitutethefundamentalof

interaction.Pronunciationconcernstoarticulation,intonationwhilecomposition is an

arrangment of words used to deliver meaningful statement, these are subfields of

linguistics talking about. There are seven (7) main topics in linguistics,

namely:Phonetics, Phonogy, Morphology, Syntax, Discourse

Analysis,Pragmatics,and Semantics.Ontheother words,it can bestatedthat language

Relatingtothetitleofthis thesis,thewriterisgoingtogivedetail

explanationofonesubfield,whichissyntax.“Syntax isthestudyoftheprinciples

andprocesses bywhichsentences areconstructed inparticular languages”

Chomsky(1971:45). Sincelanguageisagroupofsentenceswhichmanacquires

fromhisenvironmentandappliesitasconnectingequipmenttobuildagood social

life,writer(speaker) mustbe awareofhissentencesbecausereader (hearer)

willbeconfusedormissunderstoodifheneglectstheprinciplesconstructing a

sentenceandifithappens,themessagewillneverbeexcutedasitisexpected. Thismistake

iscalled grammatical error.

There isaruleorformationin making sentence that mustbefollowed so

thatcommunicationcanrunperfectly,thenameofitsregulationinlanguageis

grammar.Unfortunately,itisnoteasy tomake correctsentencesbasedon

grammar,moreoverit isnothisnative language.Therearepartsofspeechin English,

such as:noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, preposition,

conjunction,interjection, and sometimesnumerical,articleordeterminer

(https://en.wikipedia.org). This speechhas its ownfunction insentenceand there

aremany kindsofsentencepeoplewriteorutterwhenthey dointeraction.Inthis

case,languageusermustrecognizewhatsentencehewouldliketoexpressin

ordertoplaceeachspeechontherightposition,choosetheappropriatewords,

andusecomprehensivesentencetoavoidapplying differentwordsbuthasthe

samemeaning. Even thoughithas beenknownyetEnglish learners stillmake mistakes

Basedontheexplanation above,thewriterwill analyzesomegrammatical

errorsfoundinstudentsofEnglishDepartment’s essay.Englishisnotsomething

newforIndonesiastudentsyetitisstilldifficultforsomeofthemtospeakor

writegrammatically.Thisthesiswillconvey whatkindsofgrammaticalerrorare

donebyEnglishDepartment’s Studentsand whatkindsofmistake theydoin their

essaysand the last, what the effectsof it.

1.2. Problemsof theStudy

Question research of thethesisareasfollowed:

1. What are types of grammatical error found in Students of English

Department’sEssay?

2. WhatisthemostdominantofgrammaticalerrorfoundinStudentsof

English Department’sEssay?

3. WhatistheimpactofgrammaticalerrorfoundinStudentsofEnglish

Department’sEssay?

1.3. Objectivesof theStudy

In accordancewithproblems of thestudy,theseareobjectives of thestudy

which aregoingto achieve:

1. TofindoutthetypesofgrammaticalerrorfoundinStudentsofEnglish

Department’sEssay.

2. To find out the mostdominant typeofgrammatical error found in Students of

3. TodescribetheimpactofgrammaticalerrorfoundinStudentsofEnglish

Department’sEssay.

1.4.Scopeof theStudy

Languageiscreatedby humanbecausethey really needitfor

communicating.Togettheaimofcommunicating,therearemany rulesthatmust be

concerned, and this rule is called grammar. Each timeanalyzing about

grammar,itwilltakea long time,so thewriterhasdecided to limit the analysis.

Relatingtothethesis,thewriteronlyspotlightsgrammaticalerrorson:Subject Verb

Agreement, Singular Plural, To Infinitive, Passive Voice, Forms of Adjective, Redundancy, Preposition, ParallelStructure, andMisplaced Word.

Sinceananalysisneedsanobjectasanalysismaterial,thewriterhaschosen20

students’essayofEnglishDepartment, UniversityofSumateraUtaraasobjectof

thestudy. There arenine typesofgrammatical error as focusof thisthesisbecause

afterselectingandfinallychoosingitasobjectoftheanalysis,thewriterhas found that

mostofthemistakeareonthosenine types.

1.5. Significanceof theStudy

Grammaticalerroristitleofthis analysis.Itcanbesurethatthisisnot something

newforstudents,especially,thestudentsofEnglishDepartmentof

SumateraUtaraUniversity. Thewriter isinterested in analyzing thistopicbecause

many ofstudentswholearnoruseEnglishastheirsecondlanguagestillmakethe

itwillhelpEnglishlearnerstounderstandmoreandmay applytherightgrammar when

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OFLITERATURE

2.1. Definitionof Linguistics

Creativityof manisreflectedthroughlanguage. Itisman’snatureto

create,innovateinordertosimplifyhislifeandshowhisexistence.Now,itis

moreobviousthateveryequipment,probleminhumanlifewouldneverbesolved

orinventediflanguagewereneverexistedinthiscycleoflife.Realizing how

importantthefunctionoflanguageforsociallife,many expertshavedone

experimentstoknowwhatelementsare involvedintheprocessofmaking a

languagewheretwoormorepeople can understandeachother.Asithasbeen

knownthatlinguisticsisastudyaboutlanguage.Tohaveagoodunderstanding

aboutinguistics,therearesomedefinitionsofitandthewriter wouldliketoquote

it.deSaussure(1986:9)defines that:“Linguistics is thescientificstudyof

language.”Meanwhile,theotherstatesthat: “Linguisticsisthestudyofthese knowledge systems in all their aspects: how is such a knowledge system structured, how it isacquired, how it isused in theproduction and comprehension ofmessages,how itchanges over time.”(http://linguistics.ucsc.edu). These definitionsshedlighton

thisanalysiswherelinguisticsgivesinformation indetail all things

aboutlanguage.Linguisticsis about aspectswhichsupport language formation and

what mechanism they use to bear meaningfulutteranceor

expressionsothattheycanfulfilltheirwillsincethisisthebasicreasonthey sharewhat

Thereisprocessthatmustbeundergonesothatitcanbecatogorizedas language.

All thosephasesare summarized in linguisticsand the writer will

explainitbyinsertingthe main stepsof languageformation.

2.2. Subfieldsof Linguistics

Languageisacombinationofsmallestelementfoundinitandeachof

themhasasignificantrole todeterminea meaning thatuser wantsstating.Every

elementorlexicaliteminlanguageisexplicatedparticularinlinguistics.The writer

would like to put iton thispoint inorder to guide thisanalysisinto theright

destination.BasedonKreidler(1998:18)therearesix phasestaken tocategorizeit as

alanguage. Thesearesixsubfields of linguistics thathaveessentialprocess of

languageformation:

-Phonetics:Thestudyandclassificationofthenatureofspeechsounds,

primarilyits structure, articulation andperception. Phoneticshasthree

mainsubfields: articulatory phonetics(correlationbetweenspeechorgans

andtheproductionof speech),acousticphonetics(propertiesof human speech

sound waves), and auditoryphonetics(speech perception).

Voicing:[s]versus[z]

•sue([su:w])versuszoo ([zu:w])

-Phonology:Theanalysis anddescriptionofhow meaningfulsounds

combineinto functionalpatternsin speechproduction of alanguage.

• house(verb) ([hawz])

• houses(plur. noun) ([hawz@z])

-Morphology:Thestudyofthestructureofindividualwordsandofthe smallest

meaningfulunitsalong withtheirpossiblecombinationstoform lexicalitems.

• missile:‘ICBM’

• anti-tank-missile:‘missile targettingtanks’

• anti-aircraft-missle:‘missile targettingaircraft’

• anti-missile-missile:‘missile targettingICBMs’

-Syntax:Thestudy ofthegrammaticalrelationsbetweenwords,howthey

combineintolargerunitsandtherules thatmustbeobeyedtoform sentences.

Tobedistinguishedfrom morphology,whichappliestounits smallerthan

theword.

• Isawthewoman with the telescope.

• Iforgothowgood beer tastes.

-Semantics:Thestudy ofthemeaningof(partsof)words,phrases, sentences

and textswiththeaimto explainhowsequencesof language coincidewith their

meanings when articulated in particular environments.

• Wescreened the candidates.

• [huwzan f@rst]

Who’son first?/Hu’son first.

-Pragmatics:Thestudyofthewaysinwhichasituationinfluencesthe meaning

andunderstanding ofspokenlanguageornon-verbal communication.

Q:IsRobertsaRepublican?

A:IsthePopeCatholic?

Whatcanbelearnedfromthis quotationis this is phaseorstepsomeoneis going

toundergowhenheorshewantstostarttocommunicatewithotherpeople

orontheotherword, itcanbesaidthat learner willneverbeable toperceivea

sentenceorutteranceifheskipsoneofthephases.Thisisthereasonthewriter

putsthequotations.Fromtheelaboration above,it can bedrawna conclusion that

syntaxisclosely relatedtothisanalysisbecausethissubfieldconcentrateson

combination of wordsto produceameaningfulsentence and structure.

2.3. Syntax

Ingeneral,therearetwokindsoflanguage,namely:spokenandwritten

language.Spokenlanguagehappenswhentwoormorepeoplewould like toshare

anythingtheywanttoshareinwhichtheydoitfacetofacemeanwhilewritten languageis

amethodused to communicateorgivean information toothers where

mediumisneeded,whichistext.Themostimportantthing incommunicating is

careofwording andstructure.Fieldstudiesaboutitis syntax.“Syntaxisthesetof rules,

principles, and processes that govern the structure ofsentencesin a given language”(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax

). In delivering a sentence

andutterance,therearerulesorregulationseveryonemustbeconductedsothat

theaimofcommunicationwillbe acquired.Speaking ofregulationinlanguage,

especiallyEnglishlanguage,ithasbeenformulatedandusedasaguidanceto

makesentence. Regulationin language isgrammar.

2.4. Grammar

Grammarispartofsyntaxfieldthatelucidateseverythingabout

requiredcomponents to build appropriate sentences. These definitionswill give

more

clarficationsof it. Janet (2001:2)“Grammaris the set ofstructuralrules

governing the composition ofclauses, phrases, and wordsin any given natural language”.Toaffirmthedefinition,thewriteralsohasquotedfromtheother

source:“Grammaristhesetoflanguagerulesthatyouuse,mostofthetime unconsciously,

to create phrases and sentences that convey meaning”

samedefinition aboutgrammar,so itcanbesaid thatgrammar is likearoute

indicatortoguidesomeonesothathisideaandfeelinghetries tospeak,canbe

manifested.Grammarorlanguageregulationconsistsofmany formations.Toget

theanswersofresearch,thewriterhas decided toanalyzesomeofthem,they

are:SubjectVerb Agreement,Singular Plural,ToInfinitive, PassiveVoice, Forms of

2.4.1. Subject Verb Agreement

Azar(1999:10),Subject-verbagreementmeans thatthesubjectandverb

endingsagreeinnumber.Determining singularorpluralendingscanbeconfusing

becausean-sendingonanounindicatesplural,whereasan-sendingonaverb indicates

singular form.For examples:

-Thedog barkseverynight. (Onedog=singular verb)

-Thedogsbark everynight. (More than onedog=pluralverb)

Thesubjectofevery sentenceiseithersingularorplural,andthat

determinestheendingof theverb.

-SINGULAR:

-I chew.You laugh.Waterdrips. Timeflies. Hesings.

-Themansittingon thesteps worksin thelibrary.

-PLURAL:

-Weknow. Theystretch. Thestampsstick.

-Themen sittingon thesteps work in thelibrary.

-COMPOUNDSUBJECTS

Subjectsjoined byand takeapluralverb.For example:

-Myaunt and mysistervisit me every year.

Whenthesubjectwordsarejoinedby either... or,neither...nor,ornot only. . .

but,theverbagrees with thesubjectclosest to it.For examples:

-Either her brothersor herfather hasthemoney.

-BURIEDSUBJECTS

Whenwordgroupsseparatethesubjectandtheverb,locatethesubject word to

determinewhether to useasingular or pluralverb.For examples:

-The tulipsin thepoton thebalconyneed watering.

-High levelsof air pollutioncausedamageto therespiratorytract.

-Everyonein our family, includingmysister, hastaken pianolessons.

Phrasesstartingwith thefollowingwordsare normallynot part of the

subject:including,alongwith,togetherwith,accompaniedby,inadditionto,as wellas,

except, with, no lessthan.

-CLAUSES ANDPHRASESASSUBJECTS

Whenawholeclauseorphraseisthesubject,useasingularverb.For examples:

-WhatI want to know is whyIcan't trythetest again.

-To livehappilyseemslikeaworthwhilegoal.

Whenwho,which,andthatareusedasasubject,theverbagreeswiththe word

thatwho, which,orthatrefersto.Forexamples:

-Theyare thestudentswho studyhard.

-He isthestudentwho studiesthehardest.

-Thepeople in my classwho arestudyinghard do a lotof extrareading.

-SUBJECTSAFTERVERBS

Whenasentencebegins with thereplus aformofbe(thereis, thereare,

therewas,ortherewere),thesubjectalwaysfollowstheverb.Theverbagrees with this

subject.For examples:

-There isagood movieon TVtonight.

-Therearetoo manyold movieson TV.

Ifthenormalorderofverbfollowingsubjectis reversed,theverbagrees with

thesubjectitfollows.For example:

-At theback of theroom arethreewindowsand a doorto theoffice.

-SUBJECTSWITHSINGULARVERBS

Somewords thatseemtohavepluralmeanings takeasingular

verb:anybody,anyone,each,either, every,everybody,everyone,everything,

neither,none, no one, nobody, somebody, someone, something.In additition, the

following wordsareconsideredassingular:-ing forms;somenounsending in-s,

(suchas news,physics,measles,politics,series);andsubjectclauses beginning with

what.

Collectivenouns suchas jury,committee,club,audience,crowd,class,

team,troop,family,andcoupleareusually treatedassingular.Whenthesubjectis an

amount, theverb is singular.

-Twenty-five centsisone-fourth of adollar.

When oneofisfollowed byapluralnoun,theverb is singular.

Titles, companynames, and wordsused asterms, usesingularverbs.

2.4.2. SingularPlural

A singular noun refersto1(one)only;apluralnoun refersto2(two)or

more.There are two thingsto note aboutsingular and pluralnouns. Thefirst isthat

theychangetheirformdependingonwhethertheyaresingularorplural.Every change

isnot alwaysthesamebecauseEnglish hasitsformulated rules:

-REGULAR NOUNS

Mostsingular nounsform thepluralbyadding-s.For examples:

Singular Plural

boat boats

house houses

cat cats

river rivers

Asingularnounendingin s,x,z,ch,sh makesthepluralbyadding-es. For

examples:

Singular Plural

bus buses

wish wishes

pitch pitches

box boxes

Asingularnounendinginaconsonantandthenymakesthepluralby

droppingtheyand adding-ies.For examples:

Singular Plural

penny pennies

spy spies

baby babies

city cities

daisy daisies

-IRREGULAR NOUNS

Singular Plural

woman women

man men

child children

tooth teeth

foot feet

Somenounshavethesameforminthesingularandtheplural.Theseare someof

thewords:

Singular Plural

sheep sheep

fish fish

deer deer

species species

-IRREGULAR VERB/NOUNAGREEMENT

Somenounshaveapluralformbuttakeasingular verb.Look at thebelow

someof thewords:

PluralNounsUsed witha Singular

Verb

Sentence

News Thenewsisat6.30 p.m.

athletics Athleticsisgood foryoungpeople.

linguistics Linguisticsisthestudyof language.

Darts Dartsisapopular gamein England.

billiards Billiardsisplayed allover theworld.

Somenounshaveafixedpluralformandtakeapluralverb.They arenot

usedinthesingular,orthey haveadifferentmeaninginthesingular.Nounslike this

include:trousers, jeans, glasses, savings, thanks, steps, stairs, customs,

congratulations, tropics, wages, spectacles, outskirts, goods, wits.

PluralNounwithPlural Verb

Sentence

trousers Mytrousersare too tight.

Jeans Her jeansareblack.

2.4.3. ToInfinitive

Theinfinitiveisagrammar termthatreferstoabasicverbformthatoften

actsasanounandisoftenprecededby theword"t

sentence.

-Verbfollowedwith‘ToInfinitive’

There aresomeverbs that mustbefollowedwith‘toinfinitive’.For examples:

-Theyintended to renovate their house.

-Shepretendsto besick.

Theresomeverbsmustbefollowedwithobjectandthen‘toinfinitive’. For

examples:

-Hewantsme to leavehimalone.

-Heforced usto do hishomework.

-‘ToInfinitive’ UsedafterNounandAdjective

Whensentenceismade,notewhetheritisnounoradjective,‘toinfinitive’

verbmustbe applied. For examples:

-The tree istoo highto climb.

-‘ToInfinitive’ Usedafter QuestionWordsin NounClause

NounClauseisasubordinateclauseinordertomakethesentenceoften

usequestion words.For examples:

-Idon’tknowwhereto go.

-He learned how to fixcarsfromhisfather.

2.4.4. PassiveVoice

Typically, therearetwokinds ofsentence,activeandpassivesentence.

Activesentenceis usedwhen thefocus is onsubjectbutpassivesentenceis used

whenthefocusison theaction. Itisnotimportantornotknown,however,whoor what

isperformingtheaction.In English,each timesomeonewantsto usepassive sentence, pastparticipleverband‘to be’mustbeapplied.Theuseof‘tobe’ depends onused tense.

This thepattern must be followed to make passive sentence:“Subject+finite

formofto be+Past Participle”. For examples:

-Active: We clean thehouseeveryday.

Passive:Thehouse iscleaned byusevery day.

-Active:Theywillfinish thereportsoon.

Passive:Thereportwillbefinished bythem.

2.4.5. Formsof Adjective

AdjectiveisThepartofspeech (or wordclass)thatmodifiesanoun or a pronoun.

In English, there are three forms of adjective, namely: Positive/Negative

Degree.Positive/NegativeDegreeisused toindicate likeor unlike.Thisisthe pattern: “SubjectPronoun+tobe+ as(adjective)as+ObjectPronoun”.For examples:

-Mybrother isas strongasmyfather.

-Iamnot asbeautiful asmymother.

ComparativeDegreeisaformused tocompareanatureof twothingswhere one

ismore than theother one.For examples:

-Myfather is smarter than mybrother.

-Sisca ismorediligent than Rebecca.

ForComparativeDegree,onething mustbenoticed,if theadjectiveisone- syllable,

at the end of its word mustbe added ‘er’.For examples:

-My shoesischeaper than his shoes.

-Andiworksharder than Clark.

Andifanadjectiveconsistsoftwo-syllablesanditisendedwith‘le’,‘ow’,

‘er’,‘some’,and‘y’,addedwith‘er’.For‘y’,itmustbedroppedandaddedwith

‘ier’.For examples:

-Mycoffee isbitterer than hiscoffee

-Ryan isnaughtier than Bobby.

Thesametreatmentwillbeapplied to SuperlativeDegreebut thedifferent is

one-syllabeaddedwith‘est’andifitswordisendedwith: ‘le’,‘ow’,‘er’,‘some’,

and‘y’,addedwith‘est’butnotfor‘y’,itmustbedropped and addedwith ‘iest’. For

examples:

-Jane isthe mostbeautifulgirl in ourclass.

-Andre isthehappiestperson intheworld.

2.4.6. Redundancy

Johnson(2001:56)saysthat:“Redundancy(ortautology)istheaddingof

wordsorphrasesthataddnothingtotheoverallmeaningbecausetheirsenses

havealreadybeen expressed”.From thestatement, it can besaid thatredundancy

incorrect.For examples:

-Incorrect :Thenew innovationsattheWorld’sFair werefascinating.

-Correct :The innovationsat theWorld’sFair werefascinating.

-Incorrect :The moneyIhave issufficient enough formyneeds.

-Correct :The moneyIhave issufficientfor myneeds.

2.4.7. Preposition

Prepositionisapartofspeechgoverning,andusually precedinganounor

pronounandexpressing arelation toanotherwordor element inthe clause.

Prepositionhasmany functionsandtypesinsentences,sointhisthesis,thewriter

isgoingtoanalyzeprepositionoftimeandplace.Inindicatingtimeandplace,

therearefiveprepositionsused,they are:at,in,on,for,andsince.Tablebelow will

explain usageof thoseprepositions:

Preposition Time

At 1.Timeof Clock. -at5 o’clock.

2.Short and PreciseTime.

-atnoon, atsunset.

1.Month or Year.

-in January, in 1945.

2.Particulartime of day, month,or In year.

-in morning, in summer.

3.Specifictime in past,century, or etc.

-in 21st century, in past.

1.Day.

-on Monday.

On 2.Date.

-on 5th of March, on March 5.

3.ParticularDay.

-onIndependenceDay.

For 1.Duration of Time. -for two hours.

Since

1.Fromacertainpointoftime(past- now).

-sinceyesterday.

Preposition

Place

At 1.Used for Confined Place.

-athome, at thiscollege, at theschool

In 1.Place Having some Boundary (Physicalor VirtualBoundary).

-inAmerica,inabuilding,ingarden, etc.

On .Surfaceof Soething.

-at the entrance,atfrontofchair,etc.

(www.englishpractice.com)

2.4.8. ParallelismStructure

Richard(2006:259)Parallelismissimilarity ofstructureinapairorseries

ofrelatedwords,phrases,orclauses.Parallelismsentenceorstructureiswords

usedtodescribeorindicatesomething wherepartsofspeechmustbethesame,in

ordertoconnectit,usingconjunctionandtheconjunctionhasbeenformulated. These

aretheformulas:

Parallelism Examples

-Notonly But also

-Both And

- And

-She isnot only beautiful but also

smart.

-He isboth a guitaristand a vocalist.

-My sisterdecides to study and to work

neither nor -Neither mybrother nor my sisters loveplayingchesslike me.

verb/aux

N1 N2 +

either or

-Either theworkers or the system needsto beimproved.

(www.englishpractice.com)

2.4.9. MissplacedWord

Grammarconductslanguageusertoconstructanappropriatesentenceto

deliverhismeaningtoothers.Themeaningwillneversendcorrectly ifword arrangement

isincorrector calledit missplaced word.Missplacedword isaword,

phrase,orclausethatdoesnotclearlyrelatetowhatitisintendedtomodify. These aresome

examplesof missplaced word/s:

-Incorrect :Andrewtoldusaftertheholidaythatheintendstostop drinking.

-Correct :Andrewtoldusthatheintendstostopdrinkingafterthe holiday.

-Incorrect :Jack can hearJillwhen shewhispersclearly.

-Correct :Jack canclearlyhear Jillwhen shewhispers.

2.5. TheImpact ofGrammaticalErrorinEssay

Theexistenceofgrammarincommunicatingactivity,tohelppeopleso

thatthesharingactivity canrunfluently andasaresult,everygoalwouldliketo

achievecanaccomplish.Unfortunately,eventhoughlanguageiscommonthing

forpeople,communicationismissedsincetheydonotusetherightstructure.

grammarisnotappliedtotellordescribesomethinginessay.Thewriterhas collected

somedatas which informpeopleif grammaticalerror in writing.

-Grammatical errorcan cause intended meaningdistorted.

-Grammatical error will change the meaning.

-Grammaticalerrormakesthemeaningishighlyunlikelyorcompletely

ridiculous.

-Grammatical errorcausesreadersdifficult to understand.

-Grammaticalerrorcausesthesentenceseemawkwardanddoesnotmake sense.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1. ResearchMethod

Themethodofthisthesisisqualitativeresearch.AsquotedfromSugiono

(2009:14), qualitativeresearchis:

“Metodepenelitiankualitatifadalah metodepenelitianyang berlandaskan pada filsafatpostpositivisme, digunakan untuk menelitipada kondisiobyek yangalamiah(sebagailawannya adalah eksperimen) dimana penelitiadalah sebagai instrument kunci, pengambilan sampel sumber data dilakukan secara purposivedan snowball, tekhnikpengambilan dengan tianggulasi (gabungan),analisisdatabersifat induktif/kualitatif,dan hasil penelitian kualitatiflebihmenekankanmaknadaripada generalisasi”.Qualitativeresearchmethod is aresearchmethod thatbasedonposypositivism philoshopy,used toobservinnatural object condition where theresearcheristhe key instrument, the techniqueofsamplingthroughpurposiveandsnowball,tocollect

thedaausing triangulation, thedata analysisisinductively/ qualitatively, and meaningistheessentialofqualitativeresearch.”

BodganandBiklen(1982)proposefivecharacteristicsofqualitativeresearch

asfromSugiyono quoted (2009:21), theyare:

a. Qualitativeresearchhasthenaturalsettingasthedirectsourceofdataand

researcher isthekeyinstrument.

b. Qualitativeresearchisdescriptive.Thedatacollectedisintheformof wordsof

picturesrather than number.

c. Qualitative researchconcerns with process rather than simply with

outcomesor products.

e. “Meaning” isessential to thequalitativeapproach.

Thedesign of thisresearch isdescriptivequalitativeresearch. Based on the

fivecharacteristicsofqualitativeresearch asproposed byBodganandBilken,this

research willshowthenatureofthesituation asitexistsat thetimeofthe

collectingdataand willbe collectedin wordsform.

3.2. Populationand Sample

The population in this thesis is 20 students of English Department, because

thewriter willdo aqualitativeresearch, so thewriter will choosesome

samples,bypurposivesamplingtechnique.Thistechniquemakesthewritercan take

thesamplewithaspecial consideration.

Based on the characteristicsthatBodgan and Biklen propose, itcan besaid

thatqualitativeresearchisnaturalisticresearch.LincolnandGuba(1985)say that

“naturalisticsamplingis,then,very differentfromconventionalsampling.Itis

basedoninformational,notstatistical, considerations.Its purposeis to maximize

information,nottofacilitategeneralization”.LincolnandGubaalsosayspecial

charactersof purposivesample are:1)Emergentsampledesign, 2) Serialseection of

sampe units, 3) Continuous adjustments, 4) selection to the point of

redundancy.So,thesampleisdecidedwhentheresearcheror thewriterstartthe

research.Thewriterchoosessomepeoplethatareconsideredwilgivethedata that

thewriter need.Afterthat, from thosesamples,thewriterwill choose more peopleto

besampleto givemorecompletedata.But,inpurposivesampling,

“ifthepurposeisto maximizeinformation,thensampling isterminatedwhenno

newinformation isforth comingfromnewlysamplesunits; thusredundancyisthe

primarycriterion”. (Sugiyono 2009:301-302).

3.3. LocationandTimeof Observation

TheobservationislocatedinareaofFaculty ofCulturalStudiesof

SumateraUtara, JalanUniversitasNo.19 Medan.Thetakendatafrom20students who

made text(free essay). Theobservation isheld on October – December 2014.

3.4. Data Collecting Method

Since the research is adescriptive qualitative research, the main

instrumentofthisresearchisthewriterherselfasthekey humaninstrument.

QuotedfromSugiono(2009:306),LincolnandGuba(1986)say “theinstrument

ofchoiceinnaturalisticinquiry isthehuman”.Itwillbeseenthatotherformsof

instrumentationmay beusedinlaterphrasesoftheinquiry,butthehumanisthe

initialandcontinuingmainstay.Therefore,thewriteraskey-humaninstrument

hasfunction todecidethefocusofresearch,choosing thesamples, collecting the data,

analyzingthedata, and makinga conclusion of theresearch’sresult.

Azwar (1997:36) says, “Data penelitian dikumpulkan baik lewat

instrumentpengumpulandata,observasi, maupunlewatdatadokumentasi.Data yang dikumpulkan mungkin berupa data primer, data sekunder, ataupun keduanya.”

Itmeansthatthedataforresearchcan becollectedfrombothresearch

instruments,observation,anddocuments. Indoing research,datacanbedivided

intotwo;primaryand secondarydata. Primarydata isdata thatdirectlytaken from

theobservation time. Whereas secondarydata isdata that taken fromdocumnetary

ofthesample.Inthisthesis, thewriteruseoneofthreewaysincollecting data.

Observationisget to theprimarydata.

Spardley(1980)andSugiyono(2009:315)saythattherearethreesteps of

observation, theyare:

a. Descriptive observation; in this step, the writer do a general and

completeexploration, describeall thewriter see, listen, and feel. This

observation usuallycalled grand tour observation.

b. Focusedobservation;usuallycalledminitourobservation,itmeans

thisobservation islimitedto focuson certain aspects.

c. Selectedobservation;in this step, thewriter explain thefocus thathas

found, so thedatawilbe morespecific.

Inqualitativeresearch,collecting datadoneinnaturasetting,primary

sourcedata,anddatacollecting techniqueismoredonethroughparticipant

obseravation. (Sugiyono 2009:309)

3.5. Data Analyzing Method

Inthisanalysis,Descriptivequalitativemethodisappliedtoanalyzethe

data.Indescriptiveresearch,thedatatabulation isbasedonanalyzing percentage and

%

These aretheproceduresof analyzingthesourceof data:

1. Classifyinginto several typesofgrammaticalerror.

2. ComparingandanalyzingbasedonstandardEnglishgrammarasdescribedin

thebasictheory.

3. Correctingtheerrorsthatappearinthesentencesinaccordancewithstandard

English grammar byusing grammaticaltheory.

4. Showinghowmany grammaticalerrorsfound in Students’ Essay.

5. Calculatingthedatatofindthepercentagefoundinthesourceofdataby

Bungin’sformula(2005:171-172):

�

=

��

_�

��

���

Where,

N:totalfrequencyof interference in percent

Fx:total typesfrequencyof thesub-category

N:total typesof all categories

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSISANDFINDINGS

4.1 Data Analysis

The collecteddatas are analyzed by applying descriptive qualitative

analysismethod.Thewriterhas selectedthemaindata,whichisthe essaysof

EnglishLiterature’sstudents.Afterselecting thedata,thewriterhasfound

sentenceswhich havegrammatical errors.Intheprocessof determining grammatical

error sentences, “Understanding And Using English Grammar” book written

byBettySchramferAzar asa secondarydata to conduct this analysisindeliberating

themistake inessays.Afterwards,categorizingwhat types of grammaticalerror

ismade and triesto correctitbased on the English Standard .

The nextsteps, tabulatingthe grammaticalerror sentencesinorderto

knowthemostdominant among thetypesandseetheimpactofitbasedonthe

expert’sopinions stated on thepreviouschapter.

4.2. TypesofGrammaticalError 4.2.1. Subject-Verb Agreement

Thesubject and verb must agree in number. Both mustbesingular or

problemsoccurinthepresent tensebecauseonemustadd an–s or–esat theend

oftheverbwhenthesubjectofthe entityperforming theactionis asinguarthird

1. Shenever stopto support me. (MyMother)

Analysis:

Inthesentenceabove,thereissubject withsingularthirdperson“she”.

Althoughafterthesubject,thereisanadverbof frequency“never”,butitshould

befollowedbytheverbaddedwithsuffix–s.Thus,thecorrectsentenceis”She

neverstopsto supportme.”

2. She alwaystellme to notgiveup so easily. (Mymother)

Analysis:

Inthesentenceabove,thereissubject withsingularthirdperson“she”.

Althoughafterthesubject,thereisanadverboffrequency “always”,butitshould

befollowedbytheverbwhichaddedbysuffix–s.Thus,thecorrectsentenceis

“Shealwaystellsme to notgiveup so easily.”

3.Healsoplaystheguitar,andhemakehisparentsveryproudofhim. (My

Bestfriend)

Analysis:

In thesentenceabove, thereis subjectwithsingular thirdperson “he”.It

shouldbefollowedbytheverbaddedwithsuffix–s.Thus,thecorrectsentence is“Healso

playstheguitar, and hemakeshisparentsveryproud ofhim.”

4. And there is at least 5000 species which belongs to the biggest orangutan

Analysis:

Inthesentenceabove,thereis noun‘species’whichpluralnoun.‘There

is’isusedforsingularnoun(oneitem)and‘thereare’formany items(plural

nouns).Therefore,theword“is”becomes“are”because itisthe correctgrammar. Thus,

thecorrectsentenceis “and thereareatleast5000species whichbelong to

thebiggestorangutanconservationin Indonesia.”

5.Nevertheless, thenumberoforangutanin thewild continues todecline

overtimeduetothehuntingdoneby peoplewhodonothasa responsibility.

(BukitLawang)

Analysis:

Inthesentenceabove,there issubject“people” and itispluralform.It should be

followed by the verb ‘have’. Thus, the correct sentence is “Nevertheless,

thenumber oforangutanin thewild continues todeclineover time due to thehunting donebypeoplewho donothavea responsibility.”

6. Ahealthier bodygiveyou ahealthier attitude. (Benefitsof Dieting)

Analysis:

In thesentenceabove, thereis subjectwithsingular thirdperson

“body”.itshouldbefollowedby theverbaddedwithsuffix–s.Thus,thecorrectsentenceis

“Ahealthierbodygivesyou a healthierattitude.”

Analysis:

Inthesentencesabove,theEnglish“have”withoutfollowing thesubject-

verbagreement. The‘love’isasingular thirdpersonand itshouldbefollowedby

“has”not “have”while “have”isused tothesecondperson.Therefore, thecorrect

sentenceis“Lovehasno conditions.”

8.Whenwetruly lovessomeone,wecan’tstoplovingthem,regardlessof what

theydo or say. (What istheMeaningofLove)

Analysis:

Inthesentencesabove,theEnglish“loves”withoutfollowing thesubject-

verbagreement.Thesubject inthesentence is‘we’and itshouldfollowedby‘V- Present.

Therefore, the correctsentenceis“When we trulylovesomeone, we can’t stop loving

them, regardlessofwhat theydo or say.”

9.Truelovedoesn’twantsanythinginreturn,becausethereisnothingit

needs.(What istheMeaningofLove)

Analysis:

Inthesentencesabove,thesubject isabstractnoun

andtheverb“wants”.Grammatically,theappropriateverbforthesentenceaboveis“want”

because it has used “doesn’t”, it means, verb-infinitive is the correct, and the

correct sentence is“True lovedoesn’twantanything in return, because there

10. There areso manyreason whycomputersisbeingused waytoo much ,

peoplesdriveswhileon theircomputers/ cellphones.(Arewe too

dependentoncomputers?)

Analysis:

Inthesentencesabove, theverb“drives”withoutfollowing thesubject-

verbagreement.Grammatically,theappropriateverbforthesentence aboveis

“drive”because‘peoples’is second persons(peoples(they). Therefore, the correct

sentenceis“Therearesomanyreasonwhycomputersisbeingusedwaytoo much

, peopledrivewhileon theircomputers/cellphones.”

11.JustasI sitdownonthesandmymindstarttounwind.(My Favourite

Place)

Analysis:

Inthesentencesabove,theverb“start”withoutfollowing thesubject-verb

agreement.Grammatically, theappropriateverbfor thesentenceaboveis “starts”

Therefore,thecorrectsentence“JustasI sitdownon thesandmymind startsto unwind.”

12.Themassivewavesmakesaverycomfortingsound,softtotheear. (My

FavouritePlace)

Analysis:

Inthesentencesabove, theverb“drives”withoutfollowing thesubject-

“drive’. Therefore, the correct sentenceis“The massive wavesmake a very

comforting sound, soft to the ear. “

13.Thewindblowsoftlyandtouslesmyhairawayfrommyface.(My

FavouritePlace)

Analysis:

Inthesentencesabove, theverb“blow”withoutfollowing thesubject-verb

agreement.Grammatically, theappropriateverbfor thesentenceaboveis “blows”

becausethesubjectis‘wind’andit issingularthirdpersons (it).Therefore,the correct

sentenceis“Thewindblowssoftlyandtouslesmyhairawayfrommy face.”

14.Icannotdescribeshowmuchtheoceanmeanstome.(MyFavourite

Place)

Analysis:

Inthesentencesabove,theverb“describes”withoutfollowing thesubject-

verbagreement.Grammatically,theappropriateverbforthesentence aboveis

“describe”becausetheformformodal‘can’isS+can+V1.Theshouldn’tadded

bysuffix-s.Therefore,thecorrectsentenceis“Icannotdescribehowmuchthe ocean meansto

me.”

15. There is many peoples who do sports for nothing around us.

Analysis:

In thesentence above, there isword ‘manypeople’ which pluralnoun. We

use‘thereis’forsingularnouns(oneitem)and‘thereare’formany items(plural

nouns).Therefore, theword“is”becomes“are” inordertobeconcordwih

previousword“there”.Thus,thecorrectsentencesis“therearemanypeople who do

sportsfornothing around us.”

16.Theyregularlydosports;however,noneofthemrealizesthebenefits and

importanceof sports. (Importance and Benefitsof Sports)

Analysis:

Inthesentenceabove,thereis subjectwiththirdpersonsingular“they”.It

shouldbefollowedby theverbwithoutaddedby suffix–s.Thus,thecorrect sentence“

Theyregularlydosports;however,noneofthem realizethebenefits and

importanceofsports.”

17. Nobody knowthetroubleI'veseen. (Family)

Analysis:

Inthesentenceabove,thereissubject‘nobody’whichmeans“singular person”.

Therefore, theverb “know”should bereplaced by“knows” in order to be

concordwih previoussubject “no body”.Thus,thecorrectsentence is“Nobody

knowsthe troubleI'veseen.”

Analysis:

Inthesentenceabove,thereissubject‘mymother’and‘myfather’,we cansay

it“they”.They shouldbefollowedbytobe‘are’.Thus,thecorrect sentenceis“Either

mymotheror my fatherarecoming to themeeting.”

19.Theplayers,aswellasthecaptain,wantstowin.(Importanceand

Benefitsof Sports)

Analysis:

In thesentenceabove, thereis subject‘theplayers’ and‘captainr’,which

representsubject“they”.They shouldnotbefollowedbyverbwhichadded

suffix-s.Thus,thecorrectsentenceis“Theplayers,aswellasthecaptain,want to win.”

20.Insidemy refrigeratorisacanofDietPepsiandanoldEnglishmuffin. (Family)

Analysis:

In thesentenceabove, therearenouns ‘DietPepsi’ and‘muffin’. The

conjunction‘and’makesnouns become pluralwhichrepresentsubjectas“they”. They

shouldnotbefollowedbytobe‘is’but‘are’.Thus,thecorrectsentence

is“Insidemyrefrigeratorarea can ofDiet Pepsiand an oldEnglish muffin.”

21. Oneof mybrotherswerein Atlantalastweekend. (Family)

Inthesentenceabove,thereisword‘one’ whichmeans“singularperson”.

Although after the subject, there is subject “my brothers”, but it should be

followedby (past)tobe‘is’(was).Therefore,tobe“were”shouldbereplacedby

“was”inordertobeconcordwihprevioussubject“oneofmybrothers”.Thus, the

correctsentence is“Oneofmybrotherswasin Atlanta lastweekend.”

22.Theteacheraswellasherstudentsbelievethatpracticemakesperfect.

(MySchool)

Analysis:

In thesentenceabove, thereis subject‘theteacher’which means “singular

person”.Althoughafterthesubject,there issecondsubject“herstudents”butthe

sentencefocus to thefirstsubject. Therefore,verb“believe”shouldbereplacedby

“believes”inordertobeconcordwihprevioussubject“oneofmybrothers”.Thus,thecorre

ctsentenceis“Theteacheraswellasherstudents believesthat practicemakesperfect.”

23. Myfathermakea cup of coffee in themorning.(Family)

Analysis:

Inthesentenceabove,thereissubject‘my father’whichmeans“singular

person”.Therefore,noun“make”shouldbereplacedby“makes”inordertobe

concordwihprevioussubject“myfather”.Thus,thecorrectsentenceis“My

24. Neither my mother nor my sister return their phone calls. (Our

Vacation)

Analysis:

Inthesentence above,there isword‘neither(not either)’ which means“no

oneofthemotherandsister” thatwordmakesitbecomesingularperson. Therefore, the

verb “return” should be replaced by “returns” in order to be concordwihprevious

word “neither”. Thus, thecorrectsentenceis“Neither my mothernor

mysisterreturnstheirphone calls.”

25.Each of the twinshavesomeunusualhabits. (MySchool)

Analysis:

In thesentenceabove, thereis word‘each’which means singular although

after theword‘each’ there isaword‘twins’.Therefore,theverb“have”shouldbe

replacedby “has”inordertobeconcordwihpreviousword“each”.Thus,the

correctsentence is“Each of thetwinshassomeunusualhabits.”

26. Thefirst typeof driver thatIfind annoyingarethespeeders. (Accident in

Medan)

Analysis:

In thesentenceabove, therearewords ‘firsttype’which means singular although

in thelas sentence there is word‘speeders’. Therefore, to be “are”should

bereplacedby “is”inordertobeconcordwihpreviousword“each”.Thus,the

27.Saraistheonlyoneofthestudents whoalwaysanswercorrectly.(My

School)

Analysis:

Inthesentence above,thereissubjectwithsingularthirdperson“she”.It

shouldbefollowedby theverbwhichaddedbysuffix–s.Thus,thecorrect

sentenceis“Saraistheonlyoneof thestudentswho alwaysanswerscorrectly.”

28. Thereisalotof treeson our block. (Family)

Analysis:

Inthesentence above,thereiswords/noun‘trees’which meanssingular

whichmeansplural.Therefore,tobe“is”shouldbereplacedby “are”inorderto

beconcordwih noun“trees”.Thus, the correctsentence is“Therearealotof treeson

ourblock.”

29.Comfortableshoesandloose-fittingclothingwasreccommendedby the

instructor.(Importance and BenefitsofSports)

Analysis:

Inthesentenceabove,therearenoun‘shoes’and‘loose-fitting clothing’

thatmakesnounsbecomeplural.Weuse ‘is(was)’forsingularnouns(oneitem)

and‘are(were)’formany items(pluralnouns).Therefore,theword“was” becomes

“were”inordertobeconcordwihpreviousnouns .Thus,thecorrect

sentencesis“Comfortableshoesandloose-fittingclothingwerereccommended by the

30. Shehavegotbrown skin (Mymother)

Analysis:

Inthesentencesabove,the English“have”withoutfollowing thesubject-

verbagreement. Thesubject‘she’is asingularthirdperson anditshouldbe

followedbythirdsingularverb“has”not“have”while“have”isusedtothe second

person. Therefore, the correctsentence is“Shehasgotbrown skin”

4.2.2. SingularPlural

InEnglish,thereisatermthatindicateswhetherthenumberofnounor pronoun is

oneor morethanone.A formofwordsthatindicates oneor less than

onecalledsingular,whereas morethanoneis plural.Bahasadoes notdistinguish

singular and pluralformand to denoteplurality, areduplicated formof thenoun is

used.Nouncanbedividedintosingularorpluralandthereischanginginwordif it

ispluralor singular. Thispointanalyzesthe mistakemadeon thatform.

1.ShealwaysgivesmesomefinesolutionwhenIhavesomeproblems.

(Mymother)

Analysis:

InEnglish,theremustbeinharmony betweenthepronounandits

reference.Thepronounmustbeconcord withitsreference.Inthesentenceabove,

“some”means pluralandrefers to “bird”which is single.Grammatically, the

reference“solution”mustfollowitspronounandtakethepluralagreementas

“solutions”.Hence,therightsentenceis“Shealwaysgivesmesomefinesolutions

when I havesomeproblems.”

2. Allteacherhaveahigh opinion of him.( My Bestfriend )

Analysis:

InEnglish,theremustbeinharmony betweenthepronounandits

reference.Thepronounmustbeconcord withitsreference.Inthesentenceabove,

“all”meanspluralandrefersto“teacher” whichissingle.Theappropriatesubject

orreferencefor“teacher” is“teachers”. Hence,therightsentence is“Allteachers havea

high opinion ofhim. “

3.ThosebirdliveintheBanyuasinpeninsulainordertoavoidthewinter

attheirmain locationinSiberia,andtheKoreanPeninsula.(Sembilang

NationalPark)

Analysis:

InEnglish,theremustbeinharmony betweenthepronounandits

reference.Thepronounmustberelated withitsreference.Inthesentence above,

“those”meanspluralformfrom“there” andrefersto“bird”whichissingle.

Grammatically,thereference “bird”must followitspronounandtaketheplural

agreement assame aswithitspronoun.So,theappropriatenounorreferencefor “bird”

is“birds”.Hence, therightsentenceis“Thosebirdslivein the Banyuasin peninsulain

4.Therearemanyforeignerwhoaresurfersfromallovertheworldcome to

TanjungSetiabeach and takesomenightsthere.(TanjungSetiaBeach)

Analysis:

Such astheprevious sample, between pronoun and itsreference mustbe in

harmony.Inthesentenceabove,“foreigner”must takeplural agreement forword

“many” whichwords come after must be in plural. Therefore, theword

“foreigner”becomes “foreigners”inorder tobeconcordwihpreviousword

“many”.Thus,thecorrectsentencesis“therearemanyforeignerswhoare surfers from

allover theworld cometoTanjungSetiabeachand takesomenights there.”

5.Thereareseveralwaythatapersoncanbenefitfromadiet.(Benefitsof

Dieting)

Analysis:

Such astheprevious sample, between pronoun and itsreference mustbe in

harmony.Inthesentenceabove,“way”musttakepluralagreementfor word

“several”whichwordscomeaftermust beinplural.Therefore, theword“way” becomes

“ways”inorder tobeconcordwihpreviousword “severa”. Thus, the

6.Therearesomanyreasonwhy computersisbeing usedway toomuch,

peopledrives whileon their computers /cellphones .(Arewetoo

dependentoncomputers?)

Analysis:

Such astheprevious sample, between pronoun and itsreference mustbe in

harmony.In thesentence above, “reason” must takeplural agreementfor word

“many”whichwordscomeaftermustbe inplural.Therefore,theword“reason” becomes

“reasons”inorder tobeconcordwihpreviousword“many”.Thus,the

correctsentencesis“Therearesomanyreasonswhycomputersisbeingused way too

much , peopledrivewhileon theircomputers/ cellphones.”

7. This plan allows many aeroplane to park next to the building.

However,itcreateslong walking distancefor passengers.(Modern Airports)

Analysis:

Such astheprevious sample, between pronoun and itsreference mustbe in

harmony.Inthesentenceabove,“aircraft”musttakepluralagreementforword

“many”whichwordscomeaftermustbe inplural.Therefore,theword“aircraft”

becomes “aircrafts”inordertobeconcordwihpreviousword“many”.Thus,the

correctsentences is”Thisplanallowsmanyaircraftstoparknextto thebuilding.

8.Thetransporterplanemployssomesystem oftransporttomove

passengersfrom the terminalbuildingto the aircraft. (Modern Airport)

Analysis:

Such astheprevious sample, between pronoun and itsreference mustbe in

harmony.Inthesentenceabove,“system”musttakepluralagreementforword

“some”whichwordscomeaftermustbeinplural.Therefore, theword“systems”

becomes “systems”inorder tobeconcordwihpreviousword “some”. Thus, the

correctsentences is“Thetransporterplanemployssomesystemsof transportto

movepassengersfromthe terminalbuilding to theaircraft.”

9.Eventhoughcomputersarevery usefulforallplacearoundtheworld,

westillshouldn'tbeso dependenton them.(Arewetoo dependenton

computers?)

Anaysis:

InEnglish,theremustbeinharmony betweenthepronounandits

reference.Thepronounmustbeconcord withitsreference.Inthesentenceabove, “all”

meanspluraland refersto “place”which is single. The appropriatesubjector

referencefor “place”is “places”.Hence, therightsentenceis “Even though

computersarevery usefulforallplacesaroundtheworld,westillshouldn'tbeso dependentonthem.”

10. When we lovesomeone, wedon’t look for them to fillour needs, love

Analysis:

InEnglish,theremustbeinharmony betweenthepronounandits

reference.Thepronounmustbeconcord withitsreference.Inthesentenceabove, “those”

meanspluralformfrom “there” andrefers to“types”whichissingle.

Grammatically,thereference“type”mustfollow itspronoun and taketheplural

agreement assame aswithitspronoun.So,theappropriatenounorreferencefor “type”is

“types”.Hence, therightsentenceis “Whenwelovesomeone,wedon’t look

forthemtofillourneeds, loveusback, and all thosetypesofthings.”

4.2.3. ToInfinitive

Aninfinitivephrasewillbegin with an infinitive(to +simpleformof the verb).

1.Zedvadoesnotdothistoestablishhisterritory,asmanycatexperts

think,buttohumiliatingmebecauseheisjealousofmy friends.(My Cat Zedva)

Analysis:

Inthesentencesabove,itshowsthatthosesentencesareusing thewrong

verb.Aninfinitivephrasewillbeginwith“toandasimpleverb(Verb1)”.The

verb-ing“decomposing”shouldbereplacedby “tohumiliate”inordertobe concordtobean

infinitivesentence.Hence,therightsentenceis“Zedvadoesnot do this to establishhis

territory,as manycatexperts think,buttohumiliateme becausehe isjealousofmy friends.”

2. Iamhappyto having such afriend. (My Bestfriend)

Analysis:

Inthesentencesabove,itshowsthatthosesentencesareusing thewrong

verb.Aninfinitivephrasewillbeginwith“toandasimpleverb(Verb1)”.The verb-ing

“having”shouldbereplacedby“tohave”inordertobe concordtobe an

infinitivesentence.Hence,therightsentenceis“Iamhappytohavesucha friend.”

3.Youneedtoknowingthatthewaveonthisbeachisequalwiththe

wavesinHawaii. (TanjungSetiaBeach)

Analysis:

Inthesentencesabove,itshowsthatthosesentencesareusing thewrong

verb.Aninfinitivephrasewillbeginwith“toandasimpleverb(Verb1)”.The verb-ing

“knowing”shouldbereplaced by “toknow”in order to beconcord tobe

aninfinitivesentence.Hence,therightsentenceis “Youneedtoknowthatthe waveon

thisbeach isequalwith thewavesin Hawaii.”

4. Mydays werehappyonesbeforeI started goingto school, asIhadgood

neighbourstoplayingwithfrommorning tillevening.(Memoriesof my

Childhood Days)

Analysis:

Inthesentencesabove,itshowsthatthosesentencesareusing thewrong

verb-ing“playing”shouldbereplacedby“toplay”inorderto be concord tobe an

infinitivesentence.Hence,therightsentenceis“Mydayswerehappyonesbefore

Istartedgoingto school,asIhadgoodneighbourstoplaywith frommorningtill evening.”

5.Forexample,Idonothavetocatchadiseasetoknowingthatitcankill me.

(MyHobby)

Analysis:

Inthesentencesabove,itshowsthatthosesentencesareusing thewrong

verb.Aninfinitivephrasewillbeginwith“toandasimpleverb(Verb1)”.The verb-ing

“knowing”shouldbereplaced by “toknow”in order to beconcord tobe an

infinitivesentence.Hence, therightsentenceis “For example,Idonothaveto catch a

diseaseto know thatit can killme.”

6.AlsoI do nothave togodeep into the jungle to learningabout the tiger.

Ican read all aboutit inabook. (Myhobby)

Analysis:

Inthesentencesabove,itshowsthatthosesentencesareusing thewrong

verb.Aninfinitivephrasewillbeginwith“toandasimpleverb(Verb1)”.The

verb-ing“learning”shouldbereplacedby “tolearn”inordertobeconcordtobe

aninfinitivesentence.Hence,therightsentenceis “AlsoIdonothavetogo deep into

7.Iamsothankfultohavebeenabletolivemy10 yearsoflifeto

knowingexactlywhatlifewaslikewithoutacomputerorcellphone. (Arewe too

dependenton computers?)

Analysis:

Inthesentencesabove,itshowsthatthosesentencesareusing thewrong

verb.Aninfinitivephrasewillbeginwith“toandasimpleverb(Verb1)”.The verb-ing

“knowing”shouldbereplaced by “toknow”in order to beconcord tobe

aninfinitivesentence.Hence,therightsentence is“Iamso thankfulto havebeen ableto

livemy10 years oflifetoknowexactlywhatlifewas likewithouta computerorcellphone.”

8.So,beneficial,seeIdon’twhyyounotalsowanttoeatinghealthier. (Benefitsof

Dieting)

Analysis:

Inthesentencesabove,itshowsthatthosesentencesareusing thewrong

verb.Aninfinitivephrasewillbeginwith“toandasimpleverb(Verb1)”.The verb-ing

“eating”shouldbereplaced by “toeat”inordertobeconcordtobean

infinitivesentence.Hence,therightsentenceis“So,beneficial,seeIdon’twhy you not

also want to eat healthier.”

9. Sundanese liketo drinking teawithoutsugar. (IndonesianFood)

Inthesentencesabove,itshowsthatthosesentencesareusing thewrong

verb.Aninfinitivephrasewillbeginwith“toandasimpleverb(Verb1)”.The

verb-ing“drinking”shouldbereplacedby “todrink”inordertobeconcordtobe an

infinitivesentence.Hence, therightsentenceis “Sundaneseliketodrinktea

withoutsugar.”

4.2.4. PassiveVoice

Thepassivevoice ispreferred when the“doer”of an action (or theagent) is

unimportantorunknownbecauseof itis impersonaltone, thepassivevoiceis

commonlyfoundintextbooks,inscientific,technicalorbusinessreports,andin

newspaper.Theformofpassivevoiceis“Subject +finiteformoftobe+ Past

Participle(3rd column of irregular verbs)”.

1.BukitLawangisreferrstoasthegatewaytoSumatraForest.(Bukit

Lawang)

Analysis:

Inthesentenceabove,thereisverb‘referrs’whichisnotappropiatefor

passivevoice.Theformofpassivevoiceis“Subject+finiteformoftobe+Past

Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs

ungrammatical. Theverb “referrs”shouldbereplacedwith “referred”.Thus, the

correctsentences is“BukitLawang is referredtoas thegatewaytoSumatra Forest.” )”. The sentenceisincorrect and

2.ThisareaiscalltheSembilangbecausetherearesomanySembilang fish or

plotosuscaniuscalledinLatin. (SembilangNationalPark)

Analysis:

Inthesentenceabove,thereisverb‘call’which isnotappropiatefor

passivevoice.Theformofpassivevoiceis“Subject+finite formoftobe+ Past

Participle(3rd columnof irregularverbs)”.Thesentence isincorrect and

ungrammatical. The verb“call” should be replaced with “called”. Thus,

thecorrectsentencesis“Thisareaiscalled theSembilangbecausetherearesomany

Sembilang fish orplotosuscaniuscalledin Latin.”

3. Dietingis somethingthat isfearbyall.(Benefitsof Dieting)

Analysis:

In thesentenceabove, thereis verb‘fear’which is notappropiatefor

passivevoice.Theformofpassivevoiceis“Subject+finiteformoftobe+Past

Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs

Inthesentenceabove,thereisverb‘fear’whichisnotappropiatefor

passivevoice.Theformofpassivevoiceis“Subject+finiteformoftobe+Past )”. The sentenceis incorrect and

ungrammatical. The verb“fear” should be replaced with “feared”. Thus,

thecorrectsentencesis“Dietingis somethingthat isfeared byall.”

4.Finally,IquieteneddownwhenIwasgiveice-creamandchocolates.

Luckily,Iwasnothurt. (Memoriesof myChildhood Days)

Participle(3rd columnof irregularverbs

Inthesentence above,there isverb‘separate’whichisnot appropiatefor

passivevoice.Theformofpassivevoiceis“Subject+finite formoftobe+ Past Participle

(3rd column of

)”.Thesentence isincorrect and

ungrammatical. The verb“give” should be replaced with “given”. Thus,

thecorrectsentencesis“Finally, Iquietened downwhenIwasgivenice-creamand

chocolates. Luckily, I wasnothurt. “

5. I was choose to play the role of Jack in the play, 'Jack and the

Beanstalk',andI becameacelebrity overnightreceiving lotsof complimentsfor

myperformance. (Memoriesof myChildhood Days)

Analysis:

Theverbwhich is used inpassivevoiceis pastparticiple(Verb3).Based on

thesentenceabove, thereis tobe“was”.So, itmeans thattheformofpassive

voiceispasttense.Thepattersofpast tensepassivevoiceiswas+Verb3(past participle).

Thesentenceisincorrectand ungrammatical.Thesuitableverbforthe

sentenceis“chosen.Thus, the correctsentencesis“ I waschosento play theroleof Jack

intheplay, 'Jackand theBeanstalk',andIbecamea celebrityovernight receiving lotsofcomplimentsfor myperformance.”

6.Inthesatelliteplan,passengersboardaircraftsmallterminalsthatare

separatefrom the main terminals. (Modern Airports)

Analysis:

ungrammatical.Theverb“separate”shouldbereplacedwith“separated”.Thus,

thecorrectsentencesis“Inthesatellite plan,passengersboardaircraftsmall

terminalsthatareseparatedfromthemain terminals.”

7.Ifbusesareuse,thepassengersmustclimbaflightofstairsto boardthe

aircraft.Ifmobileloungesareuse,theycanlinkupdirectlywiththe aircraft and

protectpassengersfrom theweather. (Modern Airports)

Analysis:

Inthesentenceabove,thereisverb‘use’whichisnotappropiatefor

passivevoice.Theformofpassivevoiceis“Subject+finite formof tobe+ Past

Participle(3rd columnof irregularverbs

Inthesentence above,thereisverb‘wash’whichisnotappropiatefor

passivevoice.Theformofpassivevoiceis“Subject+finite formoftobe+ Past Participle

(3rd column of

)”.Thesentence isincorrect and

ungrammatical. Theverb“use”should bereplacedwith “used”. Thus,the correct

sentences is“Ifbusesareused,thepassengersmustclimbaflightofstairsto

boardtheaircraft.Ifmobileloungesareused,theycan linkupdirectlywith the aircraftand protectpassengersfromtheweather.”

8.Allmy problemsarewashaway withthetide.(MyFavouritePlacein

theWorld)

Analysis:

ungrammatical.Theverb“wash”shouldbereplacedwith“washed”.Thus,the

correctsentencesis“Allmyproblemsarewashed awaywith thetide.”

9. Sportsarerequireto behealthypeople, areneedfor enjoyment, and are

great marketfor countries’ economies. (Importance and Benefitsof Sports)

Analysis:

In thesentenceabove, thereareverb‘require’ and‘need’which is not

appropiateforpassivevoice.Theformofpassivevoiceis“Subject+finiteform of to be +

Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)”. The sentence is

incorrectandungrammatical. Theverb“require”shouldbereplacedwith “required”

and theverb ‘need’ should bereplaced with ‘needed’. Thus, the correct sentences

is“sports arerequiredtobehealthypeople,areneededfor enjoyment, and

aregreatmarket forcountries’ economies.”

10.Manypeopleareinjureinroadaccidentseveryday.(Accidentinthe

Medan)

Analysis:

Inthesentenceabove,thereisverb‘injure’whichisnotappropiatefor

passivevoice.Theformofpassivevoiceis“Subject+finiteformoftobe+Past

Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs

ungrammatical.Theverb“injure”shouldbereplacedwith“injured”.Thus,the

correctsentencesis“Manypeopleareinjured in road accidentseveryday.” )”. The sentenceis incorrect and

Respondent17

ImportanceandBenefitsofSports

(DanielR. Siahaan)

Haveyoueverthoughtwhy peopledosports?Absolutely,many peopleseem nottoknowthereasons.Asaanectode,thereismany peoplewhodosportsfor

nothingaroundus.Everyday wecanencounterwiththesepeople.They regularlydo

sports;however,noneofthemrealizes thebenefits andimportanceofsports.Infact,

viceversa, somepeoplewant to befit andattractive, look smart. Unfortunately, these people can’t consider other benefitsofsports. In myopinion, there are several benefitsofsportsthatpeopleoftendonotconsider: sportsarerequiretobehealthy people, areneed for enjoyment, and aregreatmarketfor countries’ economies.

Thefirstadvantageofsportsforpeopleisthattheyhelppeoplebehealthy,and befit.

Throughouthistory, people can’tgiveuptheir interest at their body.I

believethatnowmany peoplelovethemselvesnomatterhowbeautifulorugly they

are.Naturally,people’sfirstaimshouldbehealthyandfitwiththebenefitsofsports.Duetothis

factthatSportskeepourbody healthy.Asapossibleexample, imagine

thatthereisacarwhichhasnotworked foryears.Ifyoutry torunthemotorengine,

itwillnotwork anymoresince ithasbeenrusted and itsengine maybebroken

down.Asaresult,peopleissimilar toenginesandmotors.Ifwedon’tdosports,wewillbe

forcedtorust,inotherwords,decompositionofourbody;afterwards,wemay have

someproblemswithourbody whenweevenneedtosmallwalk.Inaddition,sports

balanceourbody’sbloodpressureandcirculation.Accordingtomany researchs

whichhavebeendoneby scientists,wecanprovetheimportanceofsportsforour

healthbecause70%middle agedpeople whodidnotdosportsintheiryoutharenow

strugglingwith theproblems such as high tension, troublewithblood circulation, easilybecome tired due tothelack of sports.

Thesecondadvantageofsportsforpeopleisthattheyarerequiredforour dailylivesandcompetingattheinternationalareabecauseofenjoymentofsports. Formanyyears,sportshavebeendonebypeople.Forexample,haveyouever

thoughtwhypeoplewanttoplay footballorothergames? Theanswermay beeasy

maybeunfairandmakeusunhappy.However,ifthereisasportactivitywhenwe areunhappy,wewillprobablybemotivatedandberefreshedagainafterthesport activity.Thisshouldbethemostimportantbenefitofsportsbecausemanypeopledo

sportsforthisreason.Inaddition,haveyoueverthoughtwhy millionsofpeople

watchWorldCupmatchwithoutbreathing? Theremightbesomereasonsbehindthe

actionof watching footballmatch.Themostimportantone mightbethe excitement

andenjoymentofsport.Footballmatch isexhilating becauseitgivesuspleasureto

watch.Inthepitchandnearthepitch,therearemorethan18men,andthey arethe

representativeofoursportculture.Comfortableshoesandloosefitting clothing was

recommendedby theinvestor.Withintheexcitmentofsports,countriesareableto

competeintheinternationalarea.Duetothisfactpeoplelikesportssincethey and

theircountriesare ableto competeandbeatopponentcountriesandthisisthemost

importantreason totakepleasurefromsports.

Thefinalandleastadvantageofsportsisthattheyarethehugemarketfor

countrieseconomy.Firstofall,ifwelookatonly footballindustry.Therearemore thanthousandprofessionalteamandatleasttheseteamhave25players.Ifthisis

calculated,thereareapproximately 25000playerswithoutworkingstaff,scouts,

coachesand managers.Thisshouldbethelargestindustry whichemploysmany

peopleinTurkey.Theplayers,aswellasthecaptain,wantstowin.They also,teach

youhowtoacceptloosingandhowtry againandagaintillachievingyourgoals.In

addition,countriesandclubshavetoestablishnewfacilitiesforsportsgame.Some ofthemarethelargestbuildingsintheentirecountrythatrepresentcountries,for

exampleAtaturkOlympicStadiuminTurkey.Supplyingfundsforthisbuildings may

bethepublicity ofcountriessinceconstructingwelldesignedstadiumshelp country

prepareororganizebigcompetitionssuchasWorldCup,Olympics,and Tennis

Tournaments. Finally, sportsallow advertisement companies to make

publicityofstrongbrands.

Allinall,wecan concludethatthereareseveraladvantagesandbenefitsof

sports.First,sportsarerequiredbypeopletobefit,smart,and goodlooking.Second,

sportsareentertainingduetomany facts.Third,sportsarethehugemarketfor countries’economies.Inmy opinion,despitesports’advantages,many peoplecan’t believethatsportsareusefulandbeneficial.Ihopethatinthefuturethesepeople will tendto be moreoptimisticallyto sports since theyare thenecessaryof our lives.

Respondent18

My Favorite PlaceintheWorld

(MestikaPasaribu)

Thesunshines. Thewaterglistens in thebrightlight. Thewindswirls around me,unsettlingthehotsandbeneathmy feet.Iruntotheocean,disturbingthecalm waterasI

divein.Thewatersurroundsme,engulfing meinitswarmth.I amnowat

peace.Forrightnow,atthismoment, I amonewiththewater andthesalt andthe

sand,andeverythingisokay.Allmy problemsarewashaway withthetide.It’sjust me and theocean.Just meand thebeach.Just meand myfavoriteplace intheworld.

I cannotdescribehowmuchtheoceanmeanstome.Thewaves,thesand,the

sun,thewater,theworlddeepbeneaththesurfacethatnohumantruly understands,

everything aboutitjustconnectswithme.Igrewupwiththeocean;itwasonthe

shoresthatItook myfirststeps, learned to swim, and grewfamiliar with all thesmall creaturesthedwellnear theshore.No,I didn’tentirely growuponthebeach, though IwishIhad.I’velivedsincebirth,intheChicagolandarea.However,onceayear my family hasgatheredinabeachhouseinNorthCarolina,rightontheocean,fora weeklong reunion.I treasuredthoseprecioussevendaysI hadwithmy familyonthe

beach,forthatisallIgot;sevendaysofpurehappiness,andthenI wentbackto my

normal,beach-lesslife.Don’tgetmewrong;I lovedgrowing upinthecity, but

somethingaboutthoseweeksatthebeachcapturedmy heartandmademeyearnfor more. Somany ofmybestchildhoodmemoriesarecenteredontheshoresofNorth Carolina.Surroundedbyallmyfavoritepeopleandthings,therewasneveradull

moment.Thoughlookingbackitseemslikewespentevery wakingmomentonthe

beachandinthewater,wealsoplayedgamesinsidethebeachhouse,orjusthung outandtalkedwhilesittingontheporch,lookingoutatabeautifulbeachsunset.

WhenIwasyounger,noolder than maybesixyears old,I loved thewaves.My

cousinswouldbe tooscared togonearthebig ones,preferring tostayneartheshore. Butasforme, thedaredevil,I looked downuponthewimpywaves,wanting onlythe bigonesthatcanonly befoundindeeperwater.Once,abigstormhitourbeachand

jointhembattle thesea.However,mymotherwouldnotlet megoin.Soinstead,my cousinsandI stayedontheporchwatching,amazedathowthecalmandpeaceful ocean of thedaytime could turn into such a monster. But thenext morning, thesound ofthecalmwavescrashingonthesandyshoregreetedmeasIfirstopenedmyeyes

tothenewdayinparadise.ThepeacefulwaterIknewandlovedhadreturned, waitingfor me to go back in.

Thereareotherdownsidestobeing

atthebeach,butnoneofthembothermeanymore.For example,no matterhow

muchsunscreenyourub intoyourskin,you always

seemtogetsunburnsomewhere.Orhowitdoesn’tmatter ifyouaredripping

withbugsprayatnight,themosquitoesattackyouanyway.Butevensunburnand

mosquitobitescan’truin mytripstothebeach.Afterall,I am atmyfavoriteplacein

Respondent19

My Hobby

(RominaTinambunan)

Myhobbyisreading.Ireadstorybooks,magazines,newspapersandany kindof

materialthatI findinteresting.Thishobby gotstartedwhenI wasa littleboy. I

hadalwayswantedmy parentstoreadfairytalesandotherstoriestome.Soonthey gotfedupandtiredofhavingtoreadtomecontinually.SoassoonasIcould,I

learnedtoread.IstartedwithsimpleABCbooks.SoonIcouldreadsimplefairy talesand other stories. NowIread just about anythingthat isavailable.

Readingenablesmetolearnaboutsomany thingsthatIwouldotherwisenot know.I

learnedabouthowpeoplelivedin bygonedaysofmagicandmystery.I learned about

thewondersof theworld,space travel,humanachievements,gigantic whales, tiny virusesand other fascinatingthingsof our world.

ThewonderfulthingaboutreadingisthatIdonothavetolearnthingsthe

hardway.Forexample,Idonothavetocatchadiseasetoknowingthatitcankill me.I

knowthedangersoI canavoidit.AlsoI donothavetogodeepintothejungle to learningabout thetiger. Ican read allabout it inabook.

Booksprovidethereaderwithsomuchinformationandfacts.They have certainly helpedmeinmy daily life.Iambetterequippedtocopewithliving. OtherwiseIwouldgo about ignorantlylearningthingsthehard way.

SoIcontinuetoread.Besidesbeingmoreinformedabouttheworld,Ialso spend

My Mother

(YukiSembiring)

My mother'snameisKhodijah.Shewasborn49yearsago.Sheisshort,but

nottooshort.Sheislittlefat.Andsheisold.Shehasgotshortwhitestraighthair. Shehavegotbrownskin.Sheisbeautiful.Herhandissosoft,thehandthathave

taughtmetobekindperson.Sheneverstoptosupportme.She alwaystellsmetonot

giveupsoeasily.ShealwaysgivesmesomefinesolutionwhenI havesome problems. Theimportanceof her isneverdenied.

She isaverynice, afriendly, and apatientwoman. Mymom lovesher family somuch.Sheisthebestmotherintheworld.Sheplaysherroleasahousewife

nicely.Sheneverforgetsherresponsibilitiesasamother.Althoughsheisverybusy

atwork,sheneverforgetsherfamily.Mymomreally lovescleanliness.Shealways

keepsherhomecleanandhealthy.Besidesbeingagoodmom,sheisthegreatest

chefwhoeverexisted.Sheisverysmarttomakeatasty food.Ilovedfoodmadeby her especiallyher fried chicken.

My momisalsogoodwithothers.Sheishappytohelpfriendsandneighbors

whoareintrouble.Becauseshehasavery highsocialsoul,my momalwaystakes pity

onpeoplewhoneedhelp.My motherissodisciplinedwithreligion.Sheisvery

diligentinworshipandalwaysremindsustocontinueprayingtogod.Therearestill

alotofthingsthatIcouldnotsay aboutmy motherbecauseIthinkmy motherisa

perfectsmomformyselfandmy family.IwishIcouldfindamotherlikeherformy childrenin thefuture.