use of opium had been very widespread and excessive indulgence in every aspect of society, like moral, physical, and financial. The other types of
recreation had been feasting as accompany of many social events, such as weddings; watching processions; reading novels and stories; singing with or
without the accompaniment of musical instruments; retailing and exchange gossips; resorting to clairvoyant; watching marionettes and jugglers;
attending village fairs, visiting temples, automatic writing through what corresponds to the planchette; and simply frequenting crowded places
Latourette, 1951: 696-699. From these characteristics, the society in China was consisted of many
complex elements. These characteristics established the society and gave the manifestation to the society itself in order to designate China.
2. Nationalist-Communist Civil War
The Chinese Civil War was a civil war fought between Kuomintang KMT as the leader of the Nationalist Government of Republic of China and
China Communist Party CCP for the control of territory since 1927 until 1950, which led into two de facto states: the Republic of China in Taiwan and
People‟s Republic of China in Mainland China both claimed as legitimate government of China. This war was the depiction of an ideological rived
between Kuomintang which indicated nationalism and China Communist Party which indicated communism.
The following quotation by Tung Chi-ming inscribes the reason why the civil war was inevitable. He wrote,
that the Communist be not allowed to occupy more than one-third of the post of executive members in the higher Kuomintang organization;
that no Communist be app ointed directors of the Kuomintang‟s central
departments; and that no Kuomintang member be allowed to join Communist Party 1959: 337-338.
The political and ideological contradictions occurring between these two
parties created a conflict. This conflict was continued into an ideological war and also a physical war. The other Tung Chi-
ming‟s quotation inscribes the conditions of the people who were involved in this war. He wrote that “the
Kuomintang carried out a ferocious slaughter of the Communist and other revolutionary people. Incomplete statistics put the number of people killed by
the Kuomintang between 1927 and 1932 at more than one million 1959: 351.
Clyde inscribed that the Civil War between Nationalist and Communist Party could not be avoided. Clyde Stated,
The end of hostilities altered decisively the long-standing conflict within China between the Nationalist and the Communist, and also the
bearing of this internal struggle on international affairs. The most immediate change
– the removal of Japanese military power by surrender
– opened the way for a violent competitive scramble between Nationalist and Communist to take over Japanese-occupied
China, … As the hope for a coalition between the National government and the
Communist become more remote. Hurley became more sympathetic to the position taken by the Kuomintang and exerted less pressure on
the national Government to reform its administration Clyde, 1958: 783-784.
Based on Clyde inscription, the Nationalist-Communist Civil War is going to break in order to acquire the main leader of China.
There were many victims in this war from the militaries and common people in order to create a better future and prosperity for China. Even in its
ways there, many sacrifices must be done by the people of China.
3. The Second Sino-Japanese War and the Second World War in China
