Review of Related Studies

It is impossible to separate character from characterization. Ordinarily, characterization is the process by which the author creates a character. It is the process in which the author reveals the traits of a character. Hugh Holman and William Harmon in A Handbook to Literature 1986: 81 clarified that there are three basic methods of characterization as quoted below. a. The explicit presentation of a character by the author through direct explanation, whether in a block‟s introductory or throughout the work which is illustrated by action b. The presentation of the character in action, therefore the reader will be able to conclude the attributes of character from actions c. The presentation from within a character, without comment on character by the author, of the impact of actions and emotions on character‟s inner self, with the expectation that the reader will come to clear understanding of attributes of the character. Furthermore, the theory on characterization explains how the characteristics of the characters are described. According to M. J. Murphy in his book entitled Understanding Unseens: An Introduction to English Poetry English Novel for Overseas Students 1972: 161-173, there are nine ways for an author can apply to present the characterization of character in literary works to make the character understandable to the reader. a. Personal Description The author describes character‟s appearance in details such as skin colour, body shape, the clothes used by the character. b. Character as Seen by the Author The author uses another character‟s point of view to describe the character. What people in the story think about a certain character can be significant for reader to picture the image of the character. c. Speech The author can give insight into the character in literary work through what the character says. Whenever a character speaks in conversation, we can see his personality from the opinion that he gives. d. Past life The past events of a character can help the reader to understand what shape the character to behave in such way. e. Conversation of Others The readers should pay attention through the conversation of other characters and the things they say about the character. The author gives clue to understand a character‟s personality from other‟s conversation and their opinion about him. f. Reactions The author helps the reader to recognize a person‟s character by the reaction he gives toward the various situation and events. g. Direct Comments The author gives direct comment on person‟s character. h. Thoughts The author can give the reader a direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. i. Mannerism The author can convey something about a person by describing his mannerism or habits. By analyzing how the character described by other people, observing the description about the past life, the reader may also understand the personalities given by the author. There can be more than one method used by the author and it is intended to make the reader think that it is the author creation of real people. Thus, a character‟s characteristics can be studied from the features shared by the character or actions that are found in the story directly or indirectly, in coordination with other elements in the story.

2. Theory of Feminism

The emancipation on women is related to the women movements which bring the idea of feminism. Feminism is about the struggle to fight the patriarchal society. According to Humm, a p atriarchy is “a system of male authority that oppresses women through its social, political, and economic institutions” 1992: 159. Feminism appears as the responses toward gender inequalities women are assumed as a second-class inferior and the first-class superior is men. Moreover, gender inequalities are the result of gender difference. In gender difference, difference is “a necessary polarity between men and women, and between women.” For example, usually a man‟s body is stronger than a woman‟s, this results gender difference that a man is strong and a woman is weak. However, although men and women are different, they are equal. The differences between them are meant for them to complete one another Humm, 1992: 27. Terrey in Women’s Studies Encyclopedia Vol.I states that feminism means a belief and a commitment to equal right and opportunities for women 1989: 139. It explains the goal of feminism is to gain similar right and opportunities for women. It can be assumed from the quotation above that the subject matter of feminism is the idea about gaining the equality among men and women. Women tend to have rights to do what they want to do and responsible for their own choice. Therefore, studying the feminism in which the literary work is created is necessary.

C. Review Socio-cultural Historical Background

1. Socio-cultural Historical Background of Victorian Era

Daniel Defoe is one of the late 18 th century Englands first true novelist and famous author. One of his great novels is Roxana Or The Fortunate Mistress. Roxana or The Fortunate Mistress is written in 1776, which is considered as the late 18 th century Victorian age. This is the reign when many artistic styles. Literary schools, as well as, social, political, and religious movements developed. It was a time of prosperity, broad imperial expansion, and great political reform. http:victoriapast.comLifeofVictorianWomenLifeof VictorianWomen.html American History: A Survey , Richard N. Current and friends 1965 explained about the social system during The British Empire. The British Empire inherited a basic system of social institutions; that is the class structure, the community, and the