Perception Microteaching Reinforcement Skill

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2. Lecturers

The researcher has 7 classes as the sources of the information needed. The lecturers who are in charge of Microteaching class should pay attention on their students’ understanding concerning this teaching skill. They can follow up the development of each student’s performance using reinforcement skill. So, they can go deeper into an evaluation of their students’ performances and see what should be improved. This research also allows the other lecturers and teachers in general to develop their teaching experiences that lead to improvement.

3. Other researchers

There might be other researchers who are willing to conduct research related to this topic for further interest. Hopefully, this research can inspire other researchers to expand educative innovations. Also, it can enhance the global knowledge and references. Then, it can be used as an academic source in how to manage a classroom for a professional teacher.

F. Definition of Terms

In this part, there are three terms that are defined. Those terms are used to list the theories as the base of this research. They are stated as follows.

1. Perception

In this study, perception is a stimulus object or event that is experienced; someone is aware of an object, activity or relationship involving senses then heshe 7 recognizes, identifies and observes to perceive the conclusion and interpret the stimulus VandenBos, 2007. When the stimulus is received for the first time, it needs to be identified then it is changed to an interpretation in somebody’s mind. If an individual experiences the stimulus in the different times, still, heshe will correspond to the earliest stimulus. This perception is intended to provoke the experience of Microteaching students when they implement reinforcement skill in the teaching practice to increase the students’ participation.

2. Microteaching

In this study, Microteaching is an obligatory course to be taken since it supports the practical understanding in English Language Education Study Program Sanata Dharma University. It is categorized in Matakuliah Keahlian Berkarya KPE 361 that is made up of 2 credits in a semester. Microteaching is a training done in pre-service and in-service stages in the process of becoming a professional teacher Allen Ryan, 1969. Also, they add that a micro teacher has a small group of students and will be observed while performing to get the feedback from the observer before facing the real teaching situation. It means the teacher candidate should pass this level since this is a simulation imitating a real classroom condition. Microteaching has five basic teaching skills to be mastered. Those are stimulus variation skill, set induction and closure skills, reinforcement for the student and questioning skill. 8

3. Reinforcement Skill

As mentioned in the microteaching term, a micro teacher needs to attain the basic teaching skills. They are stimulus variation, set induction, closure, silence and nonverbal cues, reinforcement of the students’ participation, fluency in asking a question Allen Ryan, 1969: 15. This research focuses on the reinforcement skill. Turney, et al. 1973 say that reinforcement is a positive response that is given to a behavior in order that it is likely to occur again as it is expected. The purpose of using reinforcement skill is to give reward in return for having the expected behavior and to diminish the students’ unexpected behavior Brown, 1975. Reinforcement is divided into two types, positive reinforcement including reward and negative reinforcement including withholding, corrective feedback and punishment Brown, 1975. Those can be in form of verbal and non- verbal ways. 9

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter provides the theories of the related literature to answer the research problems. It consists of theories that will be used as the base of the research and as the references in the further discussion especially in chapter IV. Theoretical description and theoretical framework are explained as follows.

A. Theoretical Description

In this theoretical description, the researcher focuses on the theories related to the key terms that are stated in the introduction. There are perception, microteaching and reinforcement skill that will be discussed in detail and proved by experts’ theories.

1. Perception

VandenBos 2007 states that perception is a stimulus object or event that is experienced; someone is aware of an object, activities or relationships involving senses then heshe recognizes, identifies and observes to perceive the conclusion and interpret the stimulus into meaningful knowledge. According to Kalish 1973, perception means a process of organizing and interpreting sensory stimuli into meaningful structure. He also cites from Hilgard and Atkinson’s theory that perception is “becoming aware of objects, qualities, or relations by the way of the sense organs” 1967: 77.