32 researcher used focused group discussion rather than personal interview. Those
instruments were commonly used in survey research. These are the descriptions of the instruments used.
1. Questionnaire
According to Fraenkel and Wallen 2009, questionnaire was used as one of the research instruments that commonly used in a survey to perceive the
information of Microteaching students’ perception on the use of reinforcement skill in Microteaching class. It was divided into two parts. The first was close-
ended part. It consists of multiple choices that allow the participants to choose the answer based on their perceptions. The close-ended part was separated into two
subparts. The subject in the first close-ended subpart was designed to gain the information of students’ perception as the student who was assigned as the
student during teaching. Then, the second subpart was subjected to gain the information of students’ perception as the teacher who was assigned as the
teacher during teaching. The aim was to investigate the perception when Microteaching students delivered the reinforcement and oppositely as the
recipient of reinforcement. Each close-ended subpart consists of 10 questions that have 2 scales of agreement and disagreement.
The last part was open-ended questions. It consists of three questions that provide spaces for the participants to state their reasons into words or paragraphs.
The statement in form of words allowed them to convey their ideas of the
33 intended topic without having the influence from the other aspects including the
researcher.
2. Focused Group Discussion FGD
The second instrument was focused group discussion that was used to gain the further information of Microteaching students’ participation on the use of
reinforcement skill in Microteaching class. In a survey research, one of the procedures applied to solve the problems is interview Fraenkel Wallen, 2009.
However, Fraenkel and Wallen 2009 add that the weaknesses of conducting personal interview are that quite longer in the time allocation and difficult to
contact the participants. So, in this research, the researcher used focused group discussion rather than personal interview. It is similar to questionnaire that has a
set of questions to be answered by the participants. The researcher chose FGD because, according to Morgan 1998, it has a
same principle as an interview. Morgan 1998 says that focused group discussion means group interviews. It is rather a discussion than an interview. Irwanto 2006
defines the focused group discussion FGD as a process of collecting data and information about specific issues through a discussion not personal interview,
group not individual and focused not broad. This is a follow-up activity after distributing the questionnaires. There was a moderator who leads the discussion.
The researcher was assigned as the moderator who presented an issue to be discussed with the participants. The issue was Microteaching students’ perception
on the use of reinforcement skill in Microteaching class.
34 Morgan 1998 says that the moderator is to maintain the continual
communication between the moderator and participants as well as among the participants themselves to avoid the domination. This condition allowed the
moderator and participants to probe the information or statement that might be unclear or ambiguous. Each participant had chances to express the idea and the
others might state the same or different opinions. There were 19 students chosen for FGD as the representatives from 7 classes. There were 2-3 representatives for
each class.
The researcher arranged the data gathering technique after set the instruments. First of all, the researcher put the interest in Microteaching course
because it has an environment that imitates a real classroom condition. According to Suseno and Gilarso 1986, there are five basic teaching skills that are possible
to be learnt, one of them is reinforcement. The researcher has experienced this skill when taking the course in the previous semester. Then, the researcher asked
the information whether the basic teaching skills are introduced in Microteaching class to a lecturer who was responsible for the course. After having the evidence
that this skill is taught in Microteaching course, the researcher asked Microteaching lecturers for permission to conduct research on reinforcement as a
basic teaching skill. The permission was to gain information from their students about the implementation of reinforcement skill in Microteaching class done by
the students. In the data collection, the researcher used mode of direct administration to
a group. In this mode, the researcher had all the access directly to the participants
35 without any intervention when collecting the data Fraenkel Wallen, 2009.
They add, it allows the researcher to meet and communicate with the participants at the same time and place. By using the theories and information, the researcher
set a questionnaire to investigate Microteaching students’ perception on the use of reinforcement skill during teaching practice in Microteaching class.
Then, the researcher distributed the copies of questionnaire to all the members of Microteaching class in order to get the further information about the
implementation of reinforcement skill. This was the time schedule of distributing the questionnaires.
Table 3.1 The Schedule of Distributing Questionnaire
Date Class
Number of Questionnaire
Activity
A 21
Distributing questionnaire May 28
th
, 2012 B
21 Distributing questionnaire
C 22
Distributing questionnaire May 29
th
, 2012 D
19 Distributing questionnaire
E 21
Distributing questionnaire F
22 Distributing questionnaire
May 31
st
, 2012 G
19 Distributing questionnaire
The process of distributing the copies of questionnaires took place in the Laboratory of Microteaching. The researcher delivered a mini presentation about
the research. It was held before the students left the lab. After calculating the result of the questionnaires and identifying the
response, the researcher conducted the focused group discussion to get deeper information from the participants. There were 19 students involved in the
36 discussion on June 18
th
of 2012 at K.10. K.10 is one of the classrooms in ELESP. The researcher chose the class as the place to conduct group discussion because it
has facilities of tables, chairs, wide space and air conditioner. All of the participants have implemented five basic teaching skills including reinforcement.
The researcher recorded the process of discussion in a video. It was to enable the researcher to make the transcription. Then, the transcription was presented and
analyzed in the next chapter.
E. Data Analysis Technique
