P.K. Naik et al. Animal Feed Science and Technology 153 2009 68–76 73
Table 3 In vitro dry matter degradability IVDMD and fermentation of total mixed rations TMR.
C 30 RBO
20 RBO10 PF 10 RBO20 PF
30 PF S.E.M.
P 1
2 3
In vitro DM degradability IVDMD
0.53 0.52
0.53 0.54
0.54 0.005
0.555 0.152
0.792 In vitro fermentation
TVFA mequiv.dl 3.23
3.66 3.98
4.80 4.77
0.205 0.022
0.025 0.619
Total N mgdl 15.40
14.00 15.87
16.80 17.73
0.623 0.431
0.074 0.733
TCA-N mgdl 7.93
5.13 6.77
7.47 8.87
0.699 0.584
0.158 0.947
NPN mgdl 7.47
8.87 9.10
9.33 8.87
0.334 0.479
0.930 0.557
NH
3
-N mgdl 3.41
4.29 4.57
5.27 4.85
0.222 0.057
0.196 0.381
TMR: total mixed ration consisting of concentrate mixture Table 1
, green S. bicolor, wheat straw and supplemental fat in the ratio of 340:50:580:30 on a DM basis.
1 Probability for C versus supplemental fat levels 30 RBO, 20 RBO10 PF, 10 RBO20 PF and 30 PF. 2 Probability for the linear effect of supplemental fat levels.
3 Probability for the quadratic effect of supplemental fat levels.
Table 4 Voluntary feed intake and digestibility of nutrients in buffaloes.
C 30 RBO
20 RBO10 PF 10 RBO20 PF
30 PF S.E.M.
P 1
2 3
Average body weight kg 451.75
449.88 463.25
463.5 462.63
5.597 0.907
0.481 0.558
Dry matter intake Total kgd
9.71 9.72
9.89 9.25
9.63 0.123
0.602 0.506
0.732 Total gkg W
kg 0.75
d 99.36
99.75 99.05
92.59 96.45
1.282 0.380
0.230 0.446
Digestibility of nutrients DM
0.53 0.51
0.54 0.55
0.54 0.005
0.124 0.018
0.107 OM
0.56 0.54
0.56 0.58
0.57 0.005
0.168 0.041
0.114 CP
0.73 0.73
0.73 0.74
0.74 0.006
0.961 0.535
0.805 EE
0.75 0.81
0.84 0.87
0.89 0.012
0.001 0.001
0.653 TCHO
0.53 0.50
0.52 0.54
0.53 0.005
0.101 0.023
0.076 aNDF
0.51 0.50
0.51 0.51
0.53 0.005
0.288 0.028
1.000 ADF
0.39 0.36
0.41 0.41
0.44 0.008
0.004 0.001
0.551 Nutritive value of diets
DE MJkg DM 9.60
9.80 10.16
10.53 10.37
0.110 0.020
0.024 0.168
ME MJkg DM 7.87
8.04 8.33
8.63 8.50
0.090 0.018
0.023 0.172
DE intake MJd 93.10
95.11 100.41
97.14 99.66
0.988 0.084
0.299 0.528
ME intake MJd 76.34
77.99 82.33
79.65 81.72
0.810 0.084
0.299 0.528
1 Probability for C versus supplemental fat levels 30 RBO, 20 RBO10 PF, 10 RBO20 PF and 30 PF. 2 Probability for the linear effect of supplemental fat levels.
3 Probability for the quadratic effect of fat supplemental fat levels.
3.5. Nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus balances There was no effect of supplemental fat on the N balances, but Ca intake increased at a decreasing
rate linear P0.001; quadratic P=0.003 with the increase in the level of PF Table 5
. The Ca excreted through faeces increased P=0.004 linearly with inclusion of PF while, urinary Ca excretion was similar
among groups. All animals were in positive Ca and P balances, and values were similar among groups.
4. Discussion
4.1. In vitro dry matter degradability and fermentation of total mixed rations The similar IVDMD values among our treatment groups are consistent with findings of the earlier
workers Reddy et al., 2001
. The linear increase in TVFA concentration with inclusion of PF supports
74 P.K. Naik et al. Animal Feed Science and Technology 153 2009 68–76
Table 5 Nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus balances in buffaloes.
C 30 RBO
20 RBO10 PF 10 RBO20 PF 30 PF S.E.M.
P 1
2 3
N balance Intake gd
154.08 148.97
150.80 146.74
148.39 0.663
0.001 0.140 0.912
Output gd In faeces
41.26 40.09
40.82 37.90
38.00 1.035
0.802 0.387 0.894
In urine 30.32
30.08 21.22
28.45 29.52
2.140 0.683
0.788 0.295 N retention gd
82.50 78.80
88.76 80.38
80.86 2.553
0.805 0.924 0.362
Proportion of absorbed N retained 0.727
0.723 0.806
0.739 0.733 0.0203
0.725 0.847 0.305
Proportion of intake N retained 0.536
0.529 0.589
0.548 0.545 0.0170
0.859 0.960 0.378
Calcium Intake gd
42.32 42.80
48.33 53.50
57.08 1.55
0.001 0.001 0.003 Output gd
In faeces 21.60
17.63 31.87
30.08 34.24
2.037 0.011
0.004 0.094 In urine
5.88 7.19
5.06 6.19
4.23 0.416
0.209 0.097 0.929
Retention gd 14.83
17.98 11.40
17.23 18.60
1.474 0.586
0.600 0.243 Phosphorus
Intake gd 37.38
37.93 38.14
35.06 35.09
0.372 0.001 0.001 0.603
Output gd In faeces
22.62 23.97
23.67 21.18
20.84 0.773
0.677 0.188 0.992
In urine 0.24
0.29 0.31
0.30 0.30
0.019 0.805
0.943 0.822 Retention gd
14.52 13.67
14.16 13.58
13.95 0.725
0.996 0.978 0.975
1 Probability for C versus supplemental fat levels 30 RBO, 20 RBO10 PF, 10 RBO20 PF and 30 PF. 2 Probability for the linear effect of supplemental fat levels.
3 Probability for the quadratic effect of supplemental fat levels.
the hypothesis that oil in the form of Ca soaps had no deleterious effects on ruminal fermentation Ngidi et al., 1990
. Earlier workers also reported similarity in TN, TCA-N, NPN Mishra et al., 2005
and NH
3
-N Alexander et al., 2002b
concentration with or without fat supplementation. Tangendjaja et
al. 1993 also observed similar NH
3
-N level in the supernatant after fermentation of elephant grass with ruminally unprotected and protected fat.
4.2. Voluntary feed intake and digestibility of nutrients The DM intake paralleled findings of earlier workers
Srivastava and Mugal, 1987; Naik et al., 2007b and the non-interference of the supplemental fat on apparent digestibilities paralleled findings of
Garcia-Bojalil et al. 1998 ,
Reddy et al. 2003 and
Naik et al. 2007b . The linear increase in the
apparent digestibilities of the DM, OM, TCHO and aNDF with inclusion of PF may be due to its relatively stable nature causing minimal dissociation in rumen
Sukhija and Palmquist, 1990 , or modification
in the rumen, leading to improved fiber digestion Schauff and Clark, 1992
. The higher apparent digestibility of the EE in the fat supplemented groups versus C
Naik et al., 2007b indicates that the
added fat was more digestible than that of the basal diet Grummer, 1988
and the linear increase in EE digestibility with inclusion of PF was similar to findings of
Alexander et al. 2002a . Within fat
supplemented groups, the higher ADF digestibility with higher inclusion of PF may be due to physical coating of the fiber by RBO thereby preventing microbial attachment andor inhibition of microbial
enzyme activity on the surface due to effects of fatty acids on cell membranes Palmquist and Jenkins,
1980 . The increase in the DE and ME content with fat supplementation is almost certain due to the
higher EE content of the diets. The linear increase in the DE and ME content with PF supplementation may be due to the higher EE content and digestibility in the treatment groups
Sklan et al., 1990; Reddy et al., 2003
.
P.K. Naik et al. Animal Feed Science and Technology 153 2009 68–76 75
4.3. Nitrogen calcium and phosphorus balances Boggs et al. 1987
also did not observe any effect of supplemental fat on the N balances of the buffaloes. The quadratic increase in Ca intake with increasing PF levels as Ca-LCFA may be due to
the higher Ca content of the diets. The linear increase in Ca excreted in faeces with inclusion of PF Alexander et al., 2002a
may be attributed to the higher Ca intake as Ca-LCFA in which excess Ca might have reformed insoluble soaps
Palmquist et al., 1986 in the large intestine and was excreted
in faeces.
5. Conclusion
