VI Rheme
Rhematic Indexical
Legisign A
demonstrative pronoun
VII Index
Dicisign Dicent Indexical
Legisign A street cry
VIII Rheme
Rhematic Symbol –ic
Legisign A common
noun
IX Dicisign
Dicent Symbol –ic Legisign
A proposition in the
conventional sense
X Symbol
Argument Argument –
ative Symbolic Legisign
A syllogism
C. The Novel
1. The Understanding of Novel Literary work is an application of feeling and language toward real
life. One of literary work form is novel. The novel is an exploration or chronic of living, dreaming and illustration in standard work, influence,
connection, result, destroy, or human behavior. Novel is a story in prose about imaginary people long enough to
cover a book. Another reference is, In Oxford English Dictionary, the definition of novel is a fictitious prose narrative of considerable length, in
which characters and actions representative of real life are portrayed in a plot of more or less complexity.
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18
Dennis Walder, Approaching Literature The Realist Novel, London, The open university, 1995, p.9
There are two important aspects to understand a novel. First is intrinsic element, in this part the analysis of literature itself is done without
looking to the relation with the extern aspect, intrinsic elements include theme, plot, character, setting, and point of view. Second is an extrinsic
element, in this part, the work of literature is analyze by looking to the relation with the extern aspects such as sociology, psychology, religious,
and philosophy.
2. Elements of Novel a. Theme
What we called theme is not a summary. The theme of a piece fiction is its controlling idea or its central insight. It is the unifying
generalization about life stated or implied by the story.
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b. Plot Plot is the way in which a story’s events are arranged, and it is
shaped by causal connections, by the interaction between characters, and by the juxtaposition of events.
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c. Character Character is presumably an imaged person who inhabits a story
although that simple definition may admit to a few exceptions. Characterizations means how the writer tells the reader about the
19
Laurence Perrine, Literature, Structure, Sound and Sense, London: Hacourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984, fifth edition, p.90
20
Laurence Perrine, Reading and Writing about fiction, London: Hacourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984, p.63
physical and non-physical characteristic of the person told in the story.
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d. Setting Setting means the approximate time and place in which the work is
set; setting also encompasses a wide variety of physical and cultural features. The setting of a work of fiction establishes its historical,
geographical, and physical environment. e. Point of View
It is the way of the stories are told or narrated. There are two kinds of point of view which is first-person point of view and third-person
point of view. The first-person point of view is the situation where the narrator is a character who uses the first person “I” or sometimes
“We”, the third-person point of view is the situation where the narrators are not actually characters in the story, this third-person
narrator falls into three categories: 1. Omniscient: means all knowing narrators, moving at will from
one character’s mind to another. This type of narrator possibly to present events and characters more detail than the first-person
narrators can do.
2. Limited omniscient: means the narrators are focusing on only what a single major or minor character experiences. In other words,
events are limited to one character’s perspective, and nothing is revealed that the character does not see, hear, feel, or think.
3. Objective: means dramatic point of view, narrated entirely outside the character’s minds and it is like recording the action as a
camera would. With objective narrators, events unfold the way
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Martin Stephen, An Introductory Guide to English Literature, Essex: Longman Group Ltd, p.12
they would in a play or movie. Narrators tell the story only by reproducing dialogue and by providing descriptions of the action.
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D. Biography of J.R.R Tolkien
