Astri Yuniar Sri Utari, 2014 EYL Teachers’ Strategies In Conducting Speaking ASSESSMENTS
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of The Study
For many years, English has been officially taught in Indonesian schools as a foreign language. Since then, English has become a necessity
among the Indonesian public. Many English courses have been developed rapidly. This phenomenon also affects education for young learners. English
has begun to be introduced to them, either as subject matter or for communication. Therefore, parents are busy to involve their children to the
English course institutions hoping that they can follow the demands of the times.
Most of English courses in Indonesia offer English for communication programs. Since the aim of the learning program focuses on communication,
it is not wrong if we assume that speaking ability plays an important role in the process. Speaking is considered as an important skill that should be
acquired by someone who learns a foreign language. Moreover, for children, it is very important to acquire the speaking skill in their language
development Linse, 2005. Linse further says that it would be better if teachers teach the speaking skill first to the students than other skills since it is
a foundation to develop other language skills. As Brown 2001 states that this skill helps students to convey their ideas or opinion. It means that if students
have achieved the speaking skill, it would be much easier for them in mastering the other skills. Therefore, it is so obvious that speaking takes a
crucial role among other skills. In supporting teachers to have a better way in teaching speaking, many
strategies have been discovered by researchers. These strategies are believed to help students in improving their speaking ability, such as studies conducted
Astri Yuniar Sri Utari, 2014 EYL Teachers’ Strategies In Conducting Speaking ASSESSMENTS
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
| repository.upi.edu
| perpustakaan.upi.edu
by Brown 2001, Linse 2005, Geoffrey 2006, Szpotowicz 2012 that reveal many interesting strategies in teaching speaking skill to young learners.
But then, the other problem emerges. The problem is related to the assessment made by the teachers. Georgiou and Pavlou 2003 found that most teachers
have not been able to make an assessment that appropriate with the strategies they use in teaching process. Appropriate assessment is very crucial for the
teachers in evaluating their students.
Přibilová
2008 says that assessment leads to students
’ development. It is one of the important aspects of teaching learning process that influences students learning. It concerns the quality of
the teaching as well as the quality of the learning. Therefore, teachers must have an appropriate assessment that will not interfere with their students
language development. Obviously, assessing speaking skill is a challenge in language
teaching Weir, O’Sullivan Horai cited in Boxer Cohen, 2004, especially, when it relates to young learners. McCauley 2004 explains,
conducting an assessment for young learners is a quite difficult task since they have higher activity levels and they are easy to be distracted by others. They
also have a shorter attention span, wariness of strangers, and inconsistent performance in unfamiliar environments. In line with her, Grieve 1992 states
that assessment for young learners is more complex than for the other learners because they have an uncertain temperament that may affect their cognitive
ability. Katz 1997 also says that teachers need to have a great sensitivity in deciding the best assessment strategies. Young learners have unique
characteristics. They are considered as poor test takers. It will be hard to assess young learners who are easy to produce errors.
To overcome this problem, several studies have been conducted in recent years. Smith 2006, Kallonen 2011, Ovalles and Mata 2011 advise
teachers to conduct an informal assessment of the speaking skill since teachers often encounter difficulties in organising oral testing. It can be done by
Astri Yuniar Sri Utari, 2014 EYL Teachers’ Strategies In Conducting Speaking ASSESSMENTS
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
| repository.upi.edu
| perpustakaan.upi.edu
observing and listening to oral performance. This is in line with Nancy and Rubin 1985 that explain there are two approaches used for assessing
speaking skills; observational approach and structured approach. In observational approach, students are observed and assessed from their
behaviour, while in the structured approach, the students are asked to perform specific oral communication tasks.
However, Nancy and Rubin 1985 explain, before conducting speaking skill assessments, teachers must know the principles of reliability,
validity, and fairness. They must prepare accurate and consistent instruments. It is important to know what abilities they want to assess and what for they do
the assessments. Therefore, it is so obvious that teachers must understand the purpose of assessments they used, so they will have a more accurate data after
they assess their students. On previous studies in Indonesia, most of researchers only focused on
teaching speaking strategies Yuliani, 2010; Gantika, 2010; Suherman, 2011; Astarina, 2012; Ningsih, 2012; Widya, 2012, yet they did not discuss the
assessment. Based on the facts above, the researcher is interested in investigating teachers’ strategies in conducting speaking assessments for
young learners. This study wants to explore more about how speaking assessment conducted for young learners. Hopefully findings of this study
will provide an insight for the teachers in applying appropriate assessments for assessing young learners. It is also expected that this study will give useful
information about how to assess young learners in teaching learning process.
1.2 Research Questions