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and people are led to believe that such legitimate dominance is common-sense, then, ideology is constructed and thus exists.
As explained earlier, power exercised by dominant groups is able to influence other people, and then if those people believe that such events and practises are
legitimate and common-sense, there exists the ideology. In finding and revealing the hidden ideologies in newspaper editorial, a CDA framework by Norman Fairclough is
used in this thesis.
2.8 Fairclough’s Framework for CDA
It is proposed by Fairclough 1989:109-167 that CDA of a text should pass through the three stages. They are description, interpretation, and explanation of the
text. Description is the stage which is concerned with formal properties of the text. Whereas interpretation is concerned with the relationship between text and
interaction, with seeing the text as the product of a process of production, and as a resource in the process of interpretation. Last, explanation is concerned with the
relationship between interaction and social context , with the social determination of the processes of production and interpretation, and their social effects. However, the
researcher limits the research only on experiential values on the first stage known as description of the text as the other stages demand research on sociological empirical
data, literary history and statistics which are not the researcher’s experience. In this approach for CDA, Fairclough mentions three types of value that a text
may have. The first is the experiential value in which the text producer’s experience
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of the natural and social world is represented through the content in the form of personal knowledge and beliefs. The second is the relational value in which the social
relationships are made via the text in the discourse, and the third is the expressive value in which the producer of a text evaluates an aspect of reality or social identities.
Furthermore, it is pointed out by Fairclough that these three values determine the choice of vocabulary, grammar and textual structures to make up a text. Those
are reflected in the ten questions and their sub-questions designed as the analysis method of the description of the text proposed by Fairclough 1989:109-139 as
follows:
A. Vocabulary
1. What experiential values do words have? a What classification schemes are drawn upon?
b Are there words which are ideologically contested? c Is there rewording or overwording?
d What ideologically significant meaning relations synonymy, hyponymy, antonymy are there between words?
2. What relational values do words have? a Are there euphemistic expressions?
b Are there markedly formal or informal words? 3. What expressive values do words have?
4. What metaphors are used?
