Theory of Motivation Theoretical Description
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1 The organization of information. When the information is well organized and
in the right sequence, it will be easier for the listener. 2
The familiarity of the topic. The listener will understand the listening passage easily if its topic is familiar for them.
3 The explicitness and sufficiency of the information. It means that the
information in listening passage should be clear and unambiguous. 4
The type of referring expressions used. For example, use of pronouns rather than complete noun phrase.
5 Whether the text described ‘static’ relationships e.g. geometric figures or
‘dynamic’ relationships e.g. a road accident. In conclusion, listening difficulty may arise from the task that is set so it
is important for the teacher to analyze the listening task before it is given to the students.
Nunan 1991: 24 also gives four principles of teaching listening skill, namely:
1 Maximize the use of material that is relevant to the learners’ real life.
2 Maximize the use of authentic language.
3 Vary the materials in terms of speakers’ gender, age, dialect, accent, topic,
speed, noise, level, and genre. 4
Always ask the learners to listen with a purpose and allow them to show their comprehension in a task.
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Through those principles, Nunan advises that in order to overcome the listening difficulties, teacher should give the appropriate material based on the
level of the students. The teacher can reduce the listening difficulties by considering the type of language used in the material, purpose of the listening and
the context in which listening takes place.