Theory of Motivation Theoretical Description

14 1 The organization of information. When the information is well organized and in the right sequence, it will be easier for the listener. 2 The familiarity of the topic. The listener will understand the listening passage easily if its topic is familiar for them. 3 The explicitness and sufficiency of the information. It means that the information in listening passage should be clear and unambiguous. 4 The type of referring expressions used. For example, use of pronouns rather than complete noun phrase. 5 Whether the text described ‘static’ relationships e.g. geometric figures or ‘dynamic’ relationships e.g. a road accident. In conclusion, listening difficulty may arise from the task that is set so it is important for the teacher to analyze the listening task before it is given to the students. Nunan 1991: 24 also gives four principles of teaching listening skill, namely: 1 Maximize the use of material that is relevant to the learners’ real life. 2 Maximize the use of authentic language. 3 Vary the materials in terms of speakers’ gender, age, dialect, accent, topic, speed, noise, level, and genre. 4 Always ask the learners to listen with a purpose and allow them to show their comprehension in a task. 15 Through those principles, Nunan advises that in order to overcome the listening difficulties, teacher should give the appropriate material based on the level of the students. The teacher can reduce the listening difficulties by considering the type of language used in the material, purpose of the listening and the context in which listening takes place.

4. Theory of Learning through Song

a. Definition of Song

In the theory of Multiple Intelligences, song is a part of musical intelligence which is included as one of the seven intelligences. In that theory, song is a part of music which is defined as “One of the oldest art forms, utilizing the human voice and body as natural instruments and means of self-expression” Gardner, 1983: 133. Futonge 2005 also describes song as “a great language package that bundles culture, vocabulary, listening, grammar and a host of other language skills in just a few rhymes. It can also form the basis for many lessons.” From their statements, it can be concluded that songs are the form of art that also bring a lot of language skills. It means that songs can be used as the media to learn language. There are a lot of benefits in using songs in a listening class. Orlova 2009 states, “Songs can motivate a positive emotional approach to language learning.” Songs also draw students’ interest to the target language. Further, Orlova mentions that while listening to songs, students begin to recognize the