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2. Theory of Motivation
As defined by Harmer 1991, “motivation is some kind of internal drive that encourages somebody to pursue a course of action” p. 3. In other words,
motivation can be a desire that influences someone to do things in order to achieve something. Furthermore, Harmer stated that there are two kinds of
motivation which the students should have, namely extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation is involved with factors which come from
outside of the classroom, for instance, learning English to pass the exam or to travel in a foreign country. Meanwhile, intrinsic motivation is concerned with
factors inside of the classroom. This motivation is driven by an interest or enjoyment of the learning process itself.
Gardner and Lambert 1972 also identify that there two main motivations among learners; namely integrative motivation and instrumental motivation.
Integrative motivation is motivation that comes from the inside of the learners to learn target language. The learners are having interest on the target language in
order to get closer to the language itself. On the other hand, instrumental motivation is motivation that arises because there are factors from the outside that
force the learners to learn the target language. The learners who have instrumental motivation will learn the language because it is a requirement or they need to
obtain some goals, for example learning English to get a job or to pass the exam. From their statements, it can be concluded that extrinsic and intrinsic motivation
are same with integrative and instrumental motivation.
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In addition, Gardner and Lambert also state that motivation is very important because it can influence learners’ attitude toward the learning process.
If learners have positive attitudes, it means that they have high motivation in learning. In the contrary, if learners have negative attitudes in learning, it means
that they have low motivation. Low motivation in learning will lead the learners into failure.
Perception and motivation are two important things in the learning process because perception will affect motivation. How the people perceive the
situations around them will influence their desire to do something. Furthermore, it can also affect their behavior. In this research, it means that if the students have
positive perception, their motivation will be higher and they will also behave positively towards the learning process so it can lead them into success.
3. Theory of Listening
a. Definition of Listening
“Listening is a complex process in which the listener takes the incoming data, an acoustic signal, and interprets it based on a wide variety of linguistic and
non linguistic knowledge” Buck, 2001, p. 247. These complexities create the perception that listening is difficult. As the result, the students have a low
motivation to learn listening. However, in learning foreign language, listening is one of the main skills to be mastered
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