Background CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 54

1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

The competitiveness in the automotive industry is steadily increasing especially in the development of engines. The trend is towards more complex engine configurations in order to meet the increasing emissions legislation and fuel consumption requirements Karagiorgis et al., 2007. Many problems arise when designing automobile engines Dimopoulos et al., 2008. Since there are many different parts of engines that can be optimized and improved, it really takes time in consuming the task. Therefore, these wide ranges of applications in engine’s component have been the focus of a lot of research Mohammad et al., 2014. Recently, the hybrid technologies have become an important research study in the last few years Abdalla Lubis, 2010. Researches in hybrid advancement have focused on the numerous kind of design’s aspect, such as the components of the architecture, the engine’s performance, fuel emissions reduction, material for vivid components, power electronics and motors and great power of batteries density Mahapatra et al., 2008. For example, the phenomenon throughout the electric vehicle technology is to develop AC motor drive systems for the future generation that can minimize mass, weight, volume and maintenance Takahashi Noguchi, 2010. Today’s engineer should improve the design that meets the requirement of lower emissions for automobiles without need incurred in the increasing of the cost Mahapatra et al., 2008. Apart from that, there is the case where product designers 2 have to design from the beginning rather than using and reuse the best design in the future development Akmal et al., 2013. Due to the many researches about the development of the automotive car’s engine performance, there are gaps and affect faces by the engineer which the explosive growth of knowledge and the information are not being managed properly. As the knowledge continuously increasing from day to day, thus the information need to be categorized in a proper ways. Besides that, there is no formal representation about all the knowledge and information. The importance of this formal representation is to help the engineer reduce the design process time while doing their research about engines. Currently, the use of ontologies for arranging knowledge on a concept basis has been reported in the literature Olehschuk et al., 2013. Ontology is a formal knowledge representation model that uses mathematical logic towards disambiguate as well as to explain groups of things Maidin, 2008. Ontologies illustrate a shared and also typical comprehension of the domain with respect to classes, potential relations amongst things as well as axioms which constrain the definition of classes as well as relations Batres et al., 2007. The class mean group of things is shared similar characteristics. The relationship can be used in order to express the connection between the two or even more things. Samples of relations tend to be lower than, associated to, as well as a part of. Course taxonomies tend to be defined by the meaning of their respective subclass relation. The class is actually a subclass of some other class when each and every affiliate for the subclass is also a member for the super class. Axioms are usually represented just as logic constructions which formally describe the provided class or perhaps connection. The established research proposed the use of ontologies which portray the domain knowledge in terms of classes, elements and feasible relations regarding the attribute and process that describe between the concepts Yu Hsu, 2011. Several applications prolonged from ontology have been introduced such as decision-making, knowledge of representation for automotive body assembly design Zhang et al., 2009. 3 The main issue of this ontology is it is ordinarily constructed in an ad-hoc manner which the precision of the similarity calculations will be affected Akmal et al., 2012. Apart from that, there is no guideline that shows the process of this ontology been doing. One of the approaches is the use of formal concept analysis FCA in which it is an analysis technique for knowledge processing that can be used to build ontologies Haav, 2004. For example, keywords and FCA was used by S. S. Weng to build the ontology that relevant to keywords and data mining Weng et al., 2006. In this project, systematic method for identifying the attribute information about automotive domain is proposed. The attribute information can be used in the formal concept analysis in order to develop ontology.

1.2 Problem Statement