v
TABLE OF CONTENT
Abstract i
Abstrak ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Content v
List of Tables viii
List of Figures ix
List of Abbreviations, Symbols and Specialized Nomenclature xi
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Overview of study 1
1.2 Background of study 2
1.3 Problem statement 5
1.4 Objective of study 6
1.5 Scope of study 7
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 8
2.1 Introduction 8
2.2 High Density Polyethylene HDPE 9
2.2.1 Characteristics of HDPE plastic 9
2.2.1.1 Flammable 11
2.2.2 Mixing of High Density Polyethylene 11
2.3 Fire Retardant Material 13
2.3.1 Silica sand 14
2.3.1.1 Size Grading 15
2.3.2 Clay powder 15
2.3.3 Shell powder Calcium Carbonate CaCO
3
16
2.4 Processing of HDPE plastic 18
vi 2.4.1 Extrusion Machine
18 2.4.2 Internal Mixture Machine
19 2.4.3 Hot Press Machine
20 2.5 ProductMaterial Testing
21 2.5.1 Flammability Test
22 2.5.2 Water Absorption
23 2.5.3 Hardness Test
24
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 26
3.1 Research Flowchart 26
3.1.1 Project Planning 27
3.2 Research Materials 28
3.3 Experimental Procedure 31
3.4 Recycled HDPE Plastic Bottles Collection 33
3.5 Cleaning 33
3.6 Crushing 34
3.6.1 Crushing of Fire retardant material 35
3.7 Mixing Process 36
3.8 Hot Press Process 39
3.9 Material testing 40
CHAPTER 4: RESEULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 41
4.1 Results 41
4.1.1 Composition of the sample of mixed plastic and code names 41
4.1.1.1 The resulting sample weight during the mixing process 42 4.1.1.2 Sample of wall tile after mixing process
43 4.1.2 Water Absorption
47 4.1.2.1 Results for HDPEClay of wall tile
50 4.1.2.2 The Results for HDPESilica sand of wall tile
53 4.1.2.3 The Results for HDPEShell powder of wall tile
56 4.1.3 Hardness
59
vii 4.1.3.1 Result for HDPEClay of wall tile
62 4.1.3.2 Result for HDPESilica sand of wall tile
65 4.1.3.3 Result for HDPEShell powder of wall tile
68 4.1.4 Flammability
71 4.1.4.1 Result for flammability test
72 4.1.5 Optimize of Final ProductSample
75 4.2 Discussions
77
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 82
