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R = Random selection of subjects or assignment of treatments to
experimental groups X
= experimental variable manipulated C
= observation or test = a line between levels indicates equated groups
The writer will find out the initial ability of the two groups by giving the pre test O
1
and O
3
, which is administered before the application of the experimental and control treatments. Then give the experimental group, in this case, is taught by
using inside outside circles technique X while for the control group is taught by lecturing technique Y. After both groups were given the treatment, at the end
they are supposed to have the post test to know the improvement in their writing ability of short functional text. Gain scores may be compared and subjected to a
test of significance of the difference between two means.
3.2 Object of the Study
The object of the study is the tenth year students of SMK N 8 Semarang in the academic year 20102011.
3.3 Population and Sample
Nunan 1993: 25 states that population is all cases, situations or individuals who share one or more characteristics. Similarly, Sugiyono 2010: 55 states that
population is a generalization area that consist of object or subject which has quality and certain characteristic which was determined by researchers for being
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learned and drew conclusion from it. Population is not only people, but also the other objects of nature. It is not simply for a large number of object or subject
which has learned, but includes whole characteristics that possessed by then. The population in this research is tenth year students of SMK N 8
Semarang in the academic year 20102011. There are ten classes of the Grade X at SMK N 8 Semarang. They consist of X RPL Rekayasa Perangkat Lunak 1, X
RPL 2 and X RPL 3, X PS Perawatan Sosial 1, X PS 2 and X PS 3, X MM Multimedia 1, X MM 2 and X MM 3 and X TKJ Teknik Komputer Jaringan.
After defining the population, sample was selected because the population was too big to be observed. Sample is a subset of individuals from a given
population Nunan, 1993: 25. Similarly, Saleh 2001: 34 states that the final purpose of the research is to investigate population. But if the population is too
big to investigate, reaching the purpose by investigating the sample is sufficient. He also says that there are many techniques in taking the sample. They are simple
random sampling, systematic random sampling, stratified random sampling and cluster random sampling.
Cluster random sampling was used in this study because it saves time to analyse the data obtained from the whole population. After gaining the population,
the sample in this research are two classes in SMK N 8 Semarang, one as the control class that is X RPL 1 and the other one as the experimental class, X RPL
2, where there are 36 students for each class.
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3.4 Research Variables
