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3.4 Research Variables
Most research is conducted in order to explore the strength relationship between variables. Nunan 1993: 25 states that a variable is anything which doesn’t
remain constant. In this research, the writer uses inside-outside circles technique to improve the students’ ability in writing short functional text. Hence, the
variable in this research are:
3.4.1 Dependent Variable
Nunan 1993: 25 states that dependent variable is a variable upon which the independent variable is acting. Based on the definition, dependent variable in this
research is the students’ achievement manifest in the test score.
3.4.2 Independent Variable
Nunan 1993: 25 states that independent variable is variable that experimenter expects to influence the other. Based on the definition above, the independent
variable of the research is the use of inside-outside circles technique in teaching writing of short functional text.
3.5 Type of Data
The data used in this research is quantitative data because it needs the data calculation of the students result in form of statistical formula.
3.6 Instrument for Collecting the Data
An instrument is used by the writer to gather the data. Harris 1969: 71 states “there are two basic kinds of test instrument used to measure the four language
skill of the students, i.e. the objectives test and essay test.” The instrument which
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is used in this research is essay test. To collect the data needed in this research, the writer used rating scale from the pre test and post test. Some of the data are gained
from the pre test and post test that will be conducted at the beginning and the end of the experiment.
In conducting the research, before giving the treatment, the writer conducted a pre test for the two classes, control and experimental group. It was
conducted on writing test. In this test, the writer asked the students to write invitation. This test has a purpose to find out the initial ability of both groups,
either experimental and control group. On the other hand, the post test was conducted to measure the students’ ability after the treatment. The test contains
the same criteria in writing short functional text as in the pre test. Besides, it was given to the same experimental and control groups.
3.7 Procedure of the Experiment
The explanation procedures in experimental design are: 1 Choosing the population of the research that was the tenth year of SMK N 8
Semarang in the academic year 20102011. 2 Taking two groups as the control group and experimental group. In this
research, they are X RPL 1 as control group and X RPL 2 students the experimental group.
3 Conducting the experiment. The experiment class is given treatment by using inside outside circles techniques technique in writing short functional text in
form of invitation. Otherwise, the control class, they are taught by delivering
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the lecturing technique for the whole material by the teacher. After getting the test result, the writer scores the students’ work.
4 Comparing both difference between pre-test and post-test result of both experimental and control group by applying t-test formula.
5 Making conclusion of the result.
3.8 Method of Collecting Data
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