19 case, the errors commonly happen in the early stages of the leaning process. The
errors can be easily detected by the learners’ speech. The second cause of errors is Intralingual transfer. This error happens on the
target language itself. It happens when the learners acquire the language. The examples of this error are “John writed”, “Do John write?”, “I don’t know where are
you.” The last cause of errors is the context of the learning. The context here means
the outside factors of the language, for example the teacher, the classroom, and the textbook. The teacher can be the source of errors if the teacher gives incorrect
explanation of the language. In the other hand, the textbook can be the source of errors if there is mistake or misprint in the book.
In conclusion, there are three sources of errors. The first source is from the learners themselves. In this case, the learners have had their own linguistics system of
their first language. When they learn the target language, the system of their first language influences their thought in learning the target language. The second cause is
from the target language, which is English. English has so many new rules for the learners. The last cause is the external factors: the teacher, the classroom, and the
textbook.
2.2 Theoretical Framework
Passive voice is an essential part of English grammar. When the students are expected to master English, the students have to master English grammar, including
20 passive voice. Fries 1948 indicates the students can be said that they master the
language if they master the sound system and the structure of the language. Firstly, the students have to understand the utterances and the production of the language
well. Secondly, the students should be able to make the structure of the target language matters of automatic habit. It means that the students have to use correct
structure of the language in the utterances. The focus of this study is the students’ mastery of the use of passive voice.
There are three main points for the students to master the target language: the form, the meaning, and the use. The first is the form. This form deals with the seven types
of tenses that have to be mastered by the student: Simple Present, Present Progressive, Present Perfect, Simple Past, Past Progressive, Past Perfect, and Simple
Future. In addition, there is one construction: modal. The second is the meaning. In this case, the students have to really master the meaning of those forms of passive.
The last one is the use. It means that the students have to be able to acquire the passive.
In this study, there are three research problems regarding the second semester students’ mastery in the use of passive voice. The writer got the data from the test. In
this case, the test was used to answer those three research problems. The first problem of this study is how much the second semester students of English Language
Education Study Program in Sanata Dharma University have mastered the use of passive voice. To answer this question, the writer gave the statistical computation.
The writer was able to determine the students’ mastery through this statistical
21 computation. The result of the computation was then compared to the standard of the
mastery stated in the academic regulation of Sanata Dharma University. The students’ mastery could be then determined. Secondly, the writer tried to find out the students’
difficulties in mastering passive voice. The students’ score of the test on each part can determine the students’ difficulties in using passive voice. From their scores in the
test, the writer found out their mastery on each tense. These scores then compared to the minimum standard of mastery stated in the academic regulation of Sanata Dharma
University. If their achievement in one of the tense is low according to that academic regulation, it means that they still have difficulties in mastering passive voice. If their
achievement on that tense is high, it can be said the students have mastered it or they do not have difficulties in mastering it. The third problem is the possible causes of
errors made by the students in using passive voice. The writer tried to identify the causes so that the students are able to know their difficulties.
22
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
1.1 Research Method
