61 sources of errors. There are various opinions of the sources of the errors, as it was
stated on Chapter II. In this study, based on the research result, there were mainly three categories of sources of errors: the first was the nature of target language, in this
case, the nature of passive voice. The second was the nature of the learners themselves and the third was the context of learning. The following are the detailed
discussion on those three possible causes of errors.
4.3.3.1 The Nature of Passive Voice
The students committed errors in the item of the test that assessed their ability in the forms, the meanings, and the uses of passive voice. The characteristics the
nature of passive voice cause problem for the students. It is obvious that from the analysis above, the students have good knowledge
about the rules underlying the use of passive voice. The passive voice has its won rules underlying its form, has its own meanings and uses. They can be separated and
discussed one by one without relating each one to other. Since they have their own forms, meanings, and uses, they can also create problems for the students. The
students were probably confused to use passive voice with each tense correctly. Before they know the combination between passive voice and each tense, they have
to master the use of each tense first. The students may make errors if they do not master the meaning of each tense.
Sometimes the meanings of passive voice overlap one to another. These circumstances may cause difficulties to the students. The overlapping meaning in
62 Bahasa Indonesia was negatively transferred into their target language L2. It is also
possible that the students borrowing the language pattern from their mother tongue L1 to produce their utterance in L2.
4.3.3.2 The Nature of the Learners
The learners themselves could become the factors that cause difficulties which then resulted in errors. As we all know, learning process especially learning a
language does not happen only formally. It means the learning process does not only take place in the classroom. A good student always learns actively both outside and
inside the classroom. He or she always tries to learn more, to know more, than what the teachers or lecturers have taught to him or her. He or she always tries to find more
new things. According to the syllabus of structure class of English Language Education Study Program in Sanata Dharma University, the students discuss Passive
Voice in semester two. The textbooks that are used do not provide further explanation about the use of passive voice. The result is that the students are not aware of using
passive voice. Although the result of the test is quite good, the students still make some errors on it. There were 39 students who achieved the category of very, 30
students achieved the category of good, and 7 students achieved the category of sufficient. However, there were still 4 students achieved the category of insufficient.
63
4.3.3.3 The Context of Learning
