5 This study may show that through reading novel, there are so many advantages
that one may get.
3. Lecturers
As this study deals with caste discrimination in India which is portrayed through Balram Halwai’s life, the writer believed that this novel can be u sed to
teach Intensive Reading, Extensive Reading, Cross Cultural Understanding, Prose 2, or Book Report. Not only helping students to learn in an interesting way, this
novel can also help students to develop their mastery on vocabulary and reading skills. On the other hand, this novel gives students the knowledge of culture,
customs, values, and tradition of caste in India.
E. Definition of Terms
There are several points of terms that are used in this study that the writer would like to define first before analyzing the novel deeper. The terms are:
1. Caste
English caste is from Latin castus pure, cut off, segregated, the participle of carere to cut off whence also castration. Castes are hereditary
systems of occupation, endogamy, social culture, social class, and political power, the assignment of individuals to places in the social hierarchy is determined by
social group and cultural heritage http:en.wikipedia.orgwikiCaste . There are four castes or varnas; Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. Balrams last
name, Halwai, means sweet maker. He is a member of the s weet maker Jati, within the Shudras caste.
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2. Discrimination
In Webster New Twentieth Century Dictionary Second Edition ,
discrimination is stated as the act of distinguishing; the act of making or observing a difference 522. It can be concluded that discrim ination refers to the activity of
making or perceiving distinctions. While Fairchild in Dictionary of Sociology and Related Sciences assumes that discrimination is unequal treatment of groups of
basically equal status. Discrimination carries with the eleme nt of unfair, unreasonable, and arbitrary distinctions in the impositions of burdens and the
distribution of flavours 280. In this study, caste discrimination refers to the act of distinguishing or making difference by hereditary systems of social culture.
3. Freedom
In Webster’s New Twentieth Century Dictionary Unabridged Second Edition, the word freedom is defined as a being able to act, move, use without
hindrance or restraint 730. I t can be concluded that freedom refers to the ability to act, move, or use freely. While Fairchild states freedom as ability to act in
accordance with one’s own inner motivation 124. In this study, freedom refers to the ability to act with one’s own moti vation without any restriction.
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LI TERATURE
This chapter consists of review of related theories, review on socio - cultural background, and theoretical framework. The review of related theories
covers the theory of approach es and discrimination. The review on socio -cultural background covers the caste system in India. Theoretical framework consists of
some explanations on how the theories stated in the review of the related theories and socio-cultural background are employed to answer the question on problem
formulation.
A. Review of Related Theories 1. Critical of Approaches
A critical approach to literature necessitates an understanding of its nature, function, and positive values. One must know what literature is, how to r ead it,
and how to judge it. According to Rohrberger and Woods in Reading and Writing about Literature, there are five critical approaches that can be used in reading
literature. They are formalist approach, biographical approach, sociocultural - historical approach, mythopoeic approach, and psychological approach 3 -15.
The formalist approach is an approach concentrated on the total integrity of the literary works. The involvement of each aesthetic part to the whole is seen
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