The representation of the main character`s hybrid identity as a response to globalization in Aravind Adiga`s The White Tiger - USD Repository

  THE REPRESENTATION OF THE MAIN CHARACTER’S HYBRID

  IDENTITY AS A RESPONSE TO GLOBALIZATION IN ARAVIND ADIGA’S THE WHITE TIGER AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

  Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

  In English Letters By

DIONISIUS SONY WIDYA MUNARSA SUPRIHANTO

  Student Number: 074214047 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

  2013 A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

  - Bob Marley - “Imagination is more important than knowledge”

• Albert Einstein -

For The Sky and The Earth

  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to thank God and the universe for I could finish this undergraduate thesis. I would also like to show my greatest gratitude to my family: my father, Ignatius Joko, and also my beloved mother, Yosefin Hantoro for their material and immaterial support. I also thank my little brother Filipus Neri, who has supported me in finishing this thesis.

  I also would like to thank my advisor, Dr. FX Siswadi, M.A., who has guided, helped, and given enlightenment to me during the process of writing this undergraduate thesis. The help and guidance he has given to me along the writing of very contributing. I also thank my co advisor Elisa Dwi Wardani, S.S., M.Hum. for inputs regarding my writing content.

  All classmates and English Literature mates: Ani, Herman, Kenan, Samson, Hindra, Sepi, Natal, Cici, Edy Kedibro, Nisa, Elissa, Aryo, Dita, Aya, Hellene, Iyuth, Umi, Satriya, Alwi, Wahmuji, Vallone. I would also like to thank Froyd team, all lecturers of English Letters Department, and others that I could not mention one by one. Then, I would like to thank Widi and Irene who have helped me in discussing my writing. I also give thanks to Thesa Paskarina who always supports and reminds me to finish this writing. And for the last and the main, I would say special gratitude to Maria Hartiningsih. Without her support and her patience, I would not get a chance to study in the university.

  TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………………..i APPROVAL PAGE…………………………………………………………………ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE……………………………………………………………. iii Lembar Pernyataan Persetujuan Publikasi Karya Ilmiah…..….……………………..iv STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY…………………………………….v MOTTO PAGE ……………………………………………………………………..vi DEDICATION PAGE…..………………………………………………………….vii ACKONWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………….viii TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………...ix ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………....xi ABSTRAK…………………………………………………………………………..xii

  CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION..............................................................................1 A. Background of the Study ............................................................................1 B. Problem Formulation...................................................................................5 C. Objectives of the Study...............................................................................6 D. Definition of Terms.....................................................................................6

  1. Globalization..........................................................................................6

  2. Hybrid Identity.......................................................................................6

  CHAPTER II: THEORITICAL REVIEW..............................................................7 A. Review of Related Studies..........................................................................7 B. Review of Related Theories.......................................................................10

  1. Theory of Character and Characterization...........................................10

  a. Theories on Characters....................................................................10

  b. Theories on Characterization...........................................................11

  2. Theory of Globalization.......................................................................13

  a. Imperialism....................................................................................14

  b. Colonialism....................................................................................15

  c. Globalization in India....................................................................18 i. Caste..........................................................................................21 ii. Dowry........................................................................................22

  3. Theory of Hybrid Identity...................................................................22

  C. Theoretical Framework..............................................................................23

  CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY.........................................................................25 A. Object of the Study....................................................................................25

  B. Approach of the Study...............................................................................26

  C. Method of the Study..................................................................................27

  CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS......................................................................................28 A. The Characterization of the Main Character (Balram Halwei)........................28

  1. The Physical Characterization of Balram Halwei.....................................31

  2. The Non-physical Characterization of Balram Halwei.............................34

  a. Conscious…………………………………………………………….35

  b. Intelligent…………………………………………………………….38

  c. Open Minded………………………………………………………...41

  d. Passionate……………………………………………………………44

  e. Integrated…………………………………………………………….47

  B. The Globalization in India That Presented in The Novel................................49

  C. The Main Character’s Representation of Hybrid Identity as a Response to Globalization…………………………………………………………………57

  CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION................................................................................71 BIBLIOGRAPHY…..................................................................................................75 APPENDIX……………………………………………………….…………………77

  ABSTRACT DIONISIUS SONY WIDYA MUNARSA SUPRIHANTO. The Representation of the Main Character’s Hybrid Identity as a Response to Globalization in Aravind Adiga’s The White Tiger.Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.

  The White Tiger is a novel written by Aravind Adiga that portrays the struggle of a native Indian named Balram Halwei to get out off poverty and also against the oppression from the local authority. In this novel, Balram is described as a native who has the consciousness that he is a victim of a bad system. In this case, the poverty and the oppression are the effects of globalization in his country: India.

  The objective of this study is to address the relationship between Balram Halwei and the globalization process in his country. There are three research problems raised in this undergraduate thesis: the first problem is to find out how Balram Halwei is described in the novel. The second is to find out how the globalization is described in the novel, and the last is to find out how Balram Balwei represented a hybrid character as a response to globalization.

  The writer uses library research as the methodology. The main reference of this study is the novel The White Tiger by Aravind Adiga. Meanwhile, the other references are obtained from several theories in printed books and some articles from the internet. The writer uses postcolonial as the study approach. The writer feels that this approach is suitable to analyze the problems because the novel is a representation of a native’s struggle against colonialism in globalization era.

  In the analysis, it is found that Balram Halwei has a hybrid characteristic. He is conscious, intelligent, open-minded, passionate, and integrated. Generally, those characteristics are found through the Balram’s speech description. Specifically, those are found through his past lives, reaction, thought and habit. Then, it is found that globalization in this novel is described through social condition and description of places in India. Moreover, it is also found that globalization as an imperialism and colonialism practice are described through the way Balram’s grandmother, Kusum and Stork, the land lord, treated Balram. Lastly, it is found that Balram’s hybrid characteristics are a response to the condition in his country. His characteristics represent a critique to the government and Indian people itself about how they respond to globalization. What Balram had done is only to make his country a better country within the era of globalization.

  ABSTRAK DIONISIUS SONY WIDYA MUNARSA SUPRIHANTO. The Representation of the Main Character’s Hybrid Identity as a Response to Globalization in Aravind Adiga’s The White Tiger.Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.

  The White Tiger adalah novel karya Aravind Adiga yang menggambarkan perjuangan seorang pribumi India bernama Balram Halwei untuk lepas dari jerat kemiskinan dan penindasan oleh para penguasa di sekitarnya. Dalam novel ini, Balram digambarkan sebagai seorang pribumi yang mempunyai kesadaran bahwa ia adalah korban dari sistem yang buruk. Dalam hal ini pula, kemiskinan dan penindasan yang dirasakan Balram tersebut merupakan sebuah akibat dari globalisasi yang terjadi di negaranya, India.

  Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui lebih jauh mengenai hubungan karakter utama dengan proses globalisasi yang terjadi di negaranya. Terdapat tiga tujuan utama dalam penelitian ini. Yang pertama adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana Balram Halwei digambarkan dalam novel ini. Yang kedua adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana globalisasi digambarkan dalam novel ini. Dan yang terakhir adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana gambaran Balram Halwei merupakansebuah representasi identitas hibrid sebagai respon terhadap globalisasi.

  Metode yang digunakan penulis dalam melakukan studi ini adalah studi pustaka. Sumber utama adalah novel The White Tiger karya Aravind Adiga. Sedangkan sumber referensi didapatkan dari buku-buku teori dan beberapa artikel dari internet. Dalam menganalisa masalah-masalah di atas, penulis menggunakan pendekatan poskolonial. Sudut pandang ini dirasa tepat oleh penulis, sebab novel ini merupakan sebuah representasi pribumi dalam usaha melawan penjajahan di era globalisasi.

  Dalam analisis studi ini, ditemukan bahwa Balram Halwei mempunyai karakteristik hibrid. Ia adalah manusia yang mempunyai kesadaran, cerdas, terbuka, bergairah, dan terintegrasi. Secara umum, karakteristik tersebut digambarkan melalui paparan Balram. Kemudian, globalisasi dalam novel ini dipaparkan melalui deskripsi kondisi sosial di beberapa tempat di India. Lebih dari itu, globalisasi sebagai bentuk praktek imperalisme dan kolonialisme ditemukan dalam diri Kusum, nenek Balram dan Stork, si tuan tanah, melalui cara mereka memperlakukan Balram. Pada akhirnya, ditemukan bahwa hibriditas karakteristik Balram merupakan cara Balram untuk merespon kondisi situasi di negaranya dalam menghadapi globalisasi. Karakter Balram yang hibrid ini merupakan bentuk kritik terhadap negaranya: pemerintah dan masyarakat India sendiri dalam merespon globalisasi yang terjadi di negaranya. Semua itu Balram lakukan karena dia ingin membuat India menjadi lebih baik.

  CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Aristotle, in his book Poetic, defines poetry as an imitation (from Greek word: mimesis) of human actions (Abrams, 1993: 89). By ‘imitation’, he means it as a ‘representation’ of human action and re-presenting it in a new “medium”. The definition above can be applied toa general literary works and becomes a mimetic criticism. Mimetic criticism views literary work as an imitation, or reflection, or representation of the world and human life, and the primary criterion applied to a work as that of the “truth” of its representation to the subject matter that it represents, or should represent (Abrams, 1993: 40).

  If work of literature is seen as a mirror of reality then we can relate it to the

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  real world. For instance, there is a phenomenon that rose in the early of the 21 century called globalization. Nowadays, this phenomenon extends to all corners of the world. Generally, globalization can be defined as “the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale” (definition above seems too general. It is seen from economic perspective only, which refers to a process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a global network of communication, transportation, and trade. Moreover the

  2 meaning. The following quotation is what Amartya Sen a Nobel Laureate and Economist states about globalization:

  Global interaction, rather than insulated isolation, has been the basis of economic progress in the world. Trade, along with migration, communication, and dissemination of scientific and technical knowledge, has helped to break the dominance of rampant poverty and the pervasiveness of ‘nasty, brutish and short’ lives that characterized the world. And yet, despite all the progress, life is still severely nasty, brutish and short for a large part of the world population. The great rewards of globalized trade have come to some, but not to others (Amartya Sen, Foreword, Make Trade Fair, Oxfam, 2002).

  From Amartya’s statement, it is apparent that globalization is a complex concept. Globalization has several dimensions: political, technological, humanity, environmental, and cultural. These dimensions may reflect or contribute to the exclusion of the economically and educationally poor people especially in developing countries, and environmental degradation, as well as the growth of prosperity and peace in some areas (Pais, 2006: 1).

  On one side, globalization has positive effects. The large volumes of money movement, increased volume of trades, changes in information technology and communication are all integral to a global world (Pais, 2006: 1).

  Some analysts embrace it enthusiastically as a positive feature of a changing world in which access to technology, information, services and markets will be of benefit to local communities, where dominant forms of social organization will lead to universal prosperity, peace and freedom, and in which a perception of a global environment will lead to global ecological concern (Ashcroft, 1998: 110-111).

  But in the other side, although globalization is believed by many people as a way toward prosperous society, it can actually lead to the opposite condition.

  3 decolonization after World War II, becomes a demonstrate of the transmutation of imperialism into the supra-national operations of economics, communications and culture “The chief argument against globalization is that global culture and global economy did not just spontaneously erupt but originated in and continue to be perpetuated from the centers of capitalist power”(Ashcroft, 1998: 111).

  At one level it may appear that globalization has no significant impact on people’s lives, it seems that their lives are ‘normal’ in most circumstances. Many people are not aware of how they become a crucial part of this phenomenon. The reality is that every individual is affected in one way or another. Then, these changes affect people’s identities and cultural values, which sometimes become altered significantly. “

  Whether it is between generations, or intra-personally, new values can cause dissonance and conflict with existing deeper-rooted values. Sometimes such transitions and changes can further cause difficulty with internal growth and development (Pais, 2006: 2).

  Hybrid identity is the consequence of the culture acculturation caused by globalization. Barry said that it can be described as ‘the process of cultural adaption’.

  In the process of cultural adaptation, individuals can be classified into four possible categories based on their acculturation attitudes, as depicted by Barry and colleagues’ seminal work (e.g., Barry, 1990): assimilation (identification mostly with the receiving culture), integration (high identification with both cultures), separation (identification mostly with the culture of origin), or marginalization (low identification with both cultures).

  4 The White Tiger is a novel which raises globalization issue in India. The novel was written by an Indian writer, Aravind Adiga, in 2008. This novel has also won the first Man Booker Prize at the same time. This novel told the story about the struggle of an indigenous Indian whose identity has been influenced by the complexity of globalization in India. In this novel, Adiga presented the portrait of globalization in India and its impacts through the story of the main character. He portrayed the dark perspective of India’s class struggle in a globalized world as told through a retrospective narration from the main character, Balram Halwei. The novel was written in the form of a confession letter by Balram Halway to the Chinese Prime Minister, Mr. Wen Jiabao, when the prime minister visited India for an official assignment.

  The story was about the journey of Balram Halwei, a poor native Indian who became a great entrepreneur in India. He came from a darkness area in India called Laxmangarh. Then, he became a private driver and also a servant for his master, Ashok. After some periods, he killed his master, robbed his money and fled. After that, with the robbed money, he built a taxi driver company and became a great entrepreneur in Bangalore, the world’s center of technology and outsourcing.

  The writer chooses this novel as a research object because of the unique characteristics of the main character, Balram Halwei. Balram’s story was about his journey escaping from exploitation and becoming a great entrepreneur is interesting enough to learn about. His response to his social environment and his unpredictable

  5 In this study, the writer tries to find how the main character represents hybrid identity as a response to globalization. The globalization as a transmutation of imperialism and colonialism becomes the main issue of this novel, which means that the writer wants to find out the main character’s response to the globalization.

  Hopefully, this research can give a new enlightening perspective.

B. Problem Formulation

  1. How is the main character characterized in this novel?

  2. How is the globalization in India presented in the novel?

  3. How does the main character represent hybrid identity as a response to globalization?

C. Objectives of the Study

  The first objective of this study is to know how the main character is presented in this novel. In this context, the writer will describe and discuss the characterization in the story. The second objective of this study is to know how the globalization in India is presented in the novel. In this phase, the writer will describe and discuss the globalization in India that presented in the novel. Then, the third objective of this study is to know how the main character represents hybrid identity as a response to globalization. By focusing on the combination of characteristics that was influenced by globalization and the globalization in India, the writer wants to

  6 show the role of a globalization toward the main character’s thought and how he overcame the social problem in globalization era.

D. Definition of Terms

  To avoid misinterpretation and misunderstanding, the writer would like to explain some terms which are widely related to the topic that is going to be discussed.

  1. Globalization Globalization is the process whereby individual lives and local communities are affected by economic and cultural forces that operate world-wide. As the results is the process of the world becoming a single place (Ashcroft, 1994: 111).

  2. Hybrid Identity Hybridity commonly refers to the creation of newtranscultural (This term refers to the reciprocal influences of modes of representation and cultural practices of various kinds in colonies and metropoles, and is thus ‘a phenomenon of the contact zone (Ashcroft, 1989:233)) forms within the contact zone produced by colonization (Ashcroft, 1989:118). Hybrid Identity is identity that refers to the creation of new transcultural forms within the contact zone produced by colonization.

  

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies The White Tiger is known as a realistic novel about social injustice in

India, the social disparity between the poor and the rich. It represents the social

condition in India. Yet, some reviewers focused on the two intrinsic elements: the

main character (Balram) and the unpredictable plot of this novel.

  The result is an Indian novel that explodes the clichés – ornamental prose, the scent of saffron – associated with that phrase… Caught up in Balram's world – and his wonderful turn of phrase – the pages turn themselves. Brimming with idiosyncrasy, sarcastic, cunning, and often hilarious, Balram is reminiscent of the endless talkers that populate the novels of the great Czech novelist Bohumil Hrabal. Inventing such a character is no small feat for a first-time novelist (www.independent.co.uk/arts- entertainment/books/reviews/the-white-tiger-by-aravind-adiga- 823472.html).

  It is true that the main character becomes the main favorite focus taken by

most researchers. He had a combination of different characteristic which differed

him from others. The writer of this research will also use the main character as the

main focus of this research. The complexity and the unique characteristic of the

main character, Balram, becomes the writer’s passion in doing this research.

  One research that has similar perspective with this research is an essay

from Lily Want, a Professor of English at the University of Kashmir, Srinagar,

India, entitled The Poetics and Politics of Cultural Studies in Aravind Adiga’s The

White Tiger. This research used a postcolonial perspective to analyze the novel.

  8 example, it can easily be analyzed as a form of cultural resistance to homogenizing capitalism, as the emphasis throughout is on the particularities of the proletariat suppressed under the dominant high culture. But what strikes one as odd is that this particular class has been undermined in the text to such an extent that the writer not only fails to redefine the social order but also ends up as a spokesperson of the conventional Eurocentric perspective of the East to the extent that it has led literary critics to debate how far he fits a Western cosmopolitan model of writing (Want, 2011: 69). The essay focused on the resistance of Eastern culture to the Western

culture that is represented in this novel. Moreover, this essay attempted to unravel

these diametrically opposed strands in the fabric of The White Tiger as Adiga

while silencing certain voices ends up allowing the narcissism of the Western

culture to raise its garrulous head.

  Another study about Aravind Adiga’s The White Tiger is an undergraduate

thesis by Eka Shanti Budi Asih, a student of English Letter Department, Sanata

Dharma University. Her study is entitled Sociopathic Personality as Seen in the

Main Character of Aravind Adiga’s The White Tiger. She studied the influence of

social condition to the main character (Balram)’s personality that led him into

becoming a sociopath. She emphasized the personal development of Balram and

the influence of the social condition that caused Balram to become a sociopath.

She judged that the main character, Balram is an individual with anti social

personality disorder, or can be called sociopath, with no further explanation. So,

the writer sees that this undergraduate thesis looked like other literary criticisms,

which was trapped in the judgement of normality and abnormality.

  This research originates from the writer’s disagreement to the thesis of Eka

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sociopath. Generally, Eka’s opinion was true as she saw the main character from

one perspective, but there are some considerations to refuse the judgement. First,

the writer disagrees if the main character was judged as a sociopath because Eka’s

judgement put the main character only in between good or bad condition only. The

second one, Eka did not put specific issues or causes that changed Balram into

becoming a sociopath in her analysis and conclusion. This opinion is based on the

below quotation that the writer found in the novel:

  Me, and thousands of others in this country like me, are half-baked, because we were never allowed to complete our schooling. Open our skulls, look in with a penlight, and you'll find an odd museum of ideas: sentences of history or mathematics remembered from school textbooks (no boy remembers his schooling like one who was taken out of school, let me assure you), …. all these ideas, half formed and half digested and half correct, mix up with other half-cooked ideas in your head, and I guess these half-formed ideas bugger one another, and make more half-formed ideas, and this is what you act on and live with (Adiga: 2008: 8). The quotation above indicated that Balram’s characteristics are not the

only one in his country. There were a lot of people who were like him, and

  

Balram’s was only one example from such phenomenon that occurred in India. It

means that there must have been a main cause behind the phenomenon. Hence, the

writer will try to find it in this undergraduate thesis.

  Moreover, the study from Lily Want also gave an influence to the writer in

doing an analysis about the issue of cultural resistance in The White Tiger. But the

writer will give specific emphasis to the main character as the one that represents

a mixed culture as the result of colonization as well as a response to globalization.

  

The writer thinks that the complex characteristic of the main character is

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identity. This is what the writer wants to know much about the main character.

  

The writer will learn about how the main character represents hybrid identity as a

response to globalization.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Theory of Character and Characterization

a. Theory of Character There are two main qualities in character’s case (Colwell, 1968: 10-13).

  

First is morality. Aristotle’s Poetic defines character as moral quality, goodness

and badness. The second is personality, which defines character as a personal and

unique person. It sees a character as different from other characters. Abrams, in

his book, The Glossary of Literary Terms, combined these two qualities to define

character as “The persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are

interpreted by the readers as being endowed with moral and dispositional

qualities that are expressed in what they say – the dialogue – and by what they do

– the action” (Abrams,1993: 23).

  From the definition above, it can be said that in literary works, character is

the author’s medium to express the author’s ideology or perspective. It can be

seen through the dialogues between the character(s) or the character’s behaviour.

  Still from Abram, based on the importance, characters are divided into

major and minor characters. Major characters are described more detailed than

minor characters. The description makes the major character becomes the focus of

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raising action, the conflict, the climax and the falling action. Otherwise, the minor

characters are presented merely as the ‘complement’ of the story. They are not

presented at all scenes of the story and are not described in details as the major

characters. The importance of minor character is their influence to the major

character.

  According to E.M. Forster in his book Aspects of the Novel (1974),

characters are divided into two: flat and round characters. Flat characters are only

described in a single quality. It means that the characters are showed in one aspect

of their appearances in the story. Their quality is not developed from the

beginning until the end of the story. The second category is round characters. The

term ‘round’ shows the fullness of the characters’ behavior. This kind of character

may shift its point of view to other point of view. Generally, this character may

have conflict of its own for making decision. Forster also wrote that round

characters have ability to surprise the readers because the changes of their

behaviors. In short, round characters develop from the beginning until the end of

the story.

  b. Theory of Characterization Characterization is important to create the character in a story. The way the

author creates the characters is defined as characterization. According to Murphy

in Understanding Unseen (1972: 160-173), there are nine ways that the authors

use to make the characters understandable to the readers:

  12 i. Personal Description The author describes the characters’ appearances directly, from the body,

such as the face, skin, the hair, the height, the eyes’ shape and even clothes. It will

help the readers understand the characters. ii. Character as Seen by Another The author describes the characters through the other characters in the story

like in the personal description; the description of character as seen by another is

covering the physical things of the character. iii. Speech The description can be the character’s speech or in the conversation through

another character’s speech. Murphy explains, “Whenever a person speaks,

whenever he is in conversation with another, whenever he puts forward an

opinion, he is giving us some clues to his character” (Murphy, 1972: 164). iv. Past Lives The author can give out clues to the reader that shape a character’s nature

through his or her past life in order to get some ideas about the his or her thoughts,

behaviour, and action. “This can be done by direct comment by the author,

through the person’s thought, through his conversation or through the medium of

another person” (Murphy, 1972:166). v. Conversation of Others The author gives some clues to the readers about the character through the others characters conversation.

  13 vi. Reaction The author gives out clues to a character by letting the readers know how the character reacts to various situations and events. vii. Direct comments The author directly describes or gives comments on a character. The difference of direct comments to personal description is that the direct comments

mostly about the psychological things of the character, not the physical things.

viii. Thought The author can give the readers direct knowledge of what a character is thinking about. It is only accepted in the novel. ix. Mannerism, habits, or idiosyncrasies The author describes the character’s ways of behaving, which may also tell the readers about specific characteristics of different people. The manner of the character is habitual.

  2. Theory on Globalization In the book Key Concepts in Post-Colonial Studies, Bill Ashcroft defined globalization as “the process whereby individual lives and local communities are affected by economic and cultural forces that operate world-wide. As the result it is the process of the world becoming a single place” (Ashcroft, 1994: 111).

  Furthermore, Aschroft explain that the chief argument against globalization is that global culture and global economy did not just spontaneously

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capitalist power (Ashcroft, 1994:111). Ashcroft also said that in some respects,

globalization, in the period of rapid decolonization after World War II, has

developes from an imperialism into the supra-national operations of economics,

communications and culture “The chief argument against globalization is that

global culture and global economy did not just spontaneously erupt but originated

in and continue to be perpetuated from the centers of capitalist power” (Ashcroft,

1998: 111).

  Moreover, Ritzer, an economist, in his book Globalization: A Basic Text,

describes that globalization is not built in one concept, but there are many

concepts that build globalization from some aspects: “there are many other

concepts that either described earlier historical, or contemporary, realities that

deal with at least a portion of that which is encompassed with globalization”

(Ritzer, 2010: 64). Based on Ritzer explanation, it seems that globalization has

influenced by some concepts that has born earlier. In this study, the writer deals

with two concepts that are related to globalization: imperialism and colonialism.

  a. Imperialism In its most general sense, imperialism refers to the formation of an empire,

and, as such, has been an aspect of all periods of history in which one nation has

extended its domination over one or several neighboring nations (Ashcroft,

1998:122). Moreover, Edward Said used imperialism in this general sense to

mean “the practice, theory, and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan center

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implanting of settlements on a distant territory” (Said, 1993: 8). On the same

hand, Vladimir Lenin, a communist leader, stated that imperialism is the highest

stage of capitalism as he put it in his book, Imperialism, the Highest Stage of

Capitalism. Lenin stated that there are five characteristics of imperialism in this

world. Nevertheless, only one out of Lenin’s five characteristics that can be

applied in this thesis: “the concentration of production and capital developed to

such a stage that it creates monopolies which plays a decisive role in economic

life” (http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/ 1916/imp-hsc/ch01.htm).

  b. Colonialism In the book Introduction to Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory,

Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman defined colonialism in its relationship with

globalization.

  The conquest and direct control of other’s people land, is a particular phase in the history of imperialism which is now best understood as the globalization of the capitalist mode of production, its penetration of previously non capitalist region of the world, and destruction of pre- or non-capitalist forms of social organization (Williams, 1994: 3). Williams’ statement above shows that there is a relation between colonialism

and globalization. His statement’s proofs that globalization is a transformation of

colonialism in the present time. Williams’ statement is also similar to Ania

Loomba’s statement. In her books Colonialism/Postcolonialism, Loomba stated

that colonialism is not just the result of domination from the outside and not only

the operation of forces in cooperation, but also because of the use of old system

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version.”Colonialism was not an identical process in different parts of the world

but everywhere it locked the original inhabitants and the newcomers into the most

complex and traumatic relationships in human history” (Loomba, 1998: 2).

  The statement above provided an affirmation that colonialism still

continues until the present time. The emphasis of colonialism concept is not

merely identical in its relationship between the East and the West, but it becomes

a relationship that involves two main subjects: the original inhabitants and the

newcomers, whoever they are. On the same hand, Bill Aschroft said that there is

no society who gets full freedom from the colonizer for free.

  It is significant that no societyever attained full freedom from the colonial system by the involuntary, active disengagement of the colonial power until it was provoked by a considerable internal struggle for self- determination or, most usually, by extended and active violent opposition by the colonized (Aschroft, 1998: 49).

Form Aschroft’s statement above, Aschroft emphasized that colonialism ‘never

stops’. In other words, he emphasized that the full freedom could only be gained

through a resistance to the colonizer. Then he also said that the freedom always

begins by a ‘pioneer’ that provokes the society to realize about the real condition

of being colonized and who does a resistance.

  Moreover, Ashish Nandy in his book The Intimate Enemy (1983) stated

two forms of colonization: the first is a physical conquest of territories and the

second is the colonization of theminds, selves and cultures. The first mode is

violent, transparent in its self interest and greed. The second mode is that of the

rationalists, modernists and the liberals who claim to have the responsibility of

  17 This colonialism colonizes minds inaddition to bodies and it releasesforces within colonized societies toalter their cultural priorities once andfor all. In the process, it helps togeneralize the concept of the modernWest from a geographical andtemporal entity to psychological category. The West is noweverywhere, within the West andoutside; in structures and in minds (Nandi, 1980: xi). Nandi’s theory above shows that the practice of colonialism is not fixing

only in one method, but it has a different method with same subject pattern and

same purpose. In other words, Nandi said that the physical conquest has been

change to be mind conquest, and it still involved the West as the main subject of

the colonialism practice.

  Besides, colonialism has a close relation to orientalism. Orientalism means

”a style of thought based upon an ontological and epistemological distinction

made between “the Orient” and (most of the time) “the Occident” (Said, 1979:

2). Said identified European cultural tradition of 'Orientalism', as a particular and

long-standing way of identifying the East as 'Other' and who inferior to the West.

The Orient, he said are featured in the Western mind 'as a sort of surrogate and

even underground self (Literature in the Modern World, ed. Dennis Walder, p.

  

236). This means, in effect, that the East becomes the repository or projection of

those aspects of themselves which Westerners do not choose to acknowledge

(cruelty, sensuality, decadence, laziness, and so on).