4.1.3. Criteria and Indicator Sets from Internationally Recognized Sources
Internationally recognized institutions and processes, including the ITTO, FSC, Montréal Process, ATO and Finnish process have developed criteria and
indicator sets at FMU level for SFM. These different institutions represent four major world continents - Asia, America, Europe and Africa consecutively. The
following discusses details of these CI sets. These would be used to revisit the developed CI.
4.1.3.1. The International Tropical Timber Organization CI Set
The International Tropical Timber Organization ITTO was created by treaty in 1983 and its headquarters were established in Yokohama, Japan, in late
1986. The primary idea was to provide an effective framework for consultation among producer and consumer member countries on all aspects of the world
timber economy within its mandate. Among its multiple objectives is a commitment to assist members to meet the ITTOs unique Year 2000 Objective,
which states that by the year 2000 all tropical timber products traded internationally by Member States shall originate from sustainably managed
forests ITTO n.d.. The list of the ITTO’s CI is given in Appendix 2. Table 4.5 shows the comparison of the developed CI with the ITTO’s CI.
Table 4.5. A comparison of the developed CI with the ITTO’s CI
The developed CI ITTO
Aspect Code Item
No. of Indicators Code
Item No. of
Indicators Policy
- -
C Enabling Conditions for
Sustainable Forest Management
9
Ecology P. 1 Ecosystem integrity is
maintained -
C.1.1 Biodiversity is maintained 4
C Biological Diversity
8 C.1.2 Maintenance of ecological
sensitive areas 3
Biological Diversity
C.1.3 Ecosystem function is maintained
3 C
Forest Ecosystem Health and Conditions;
Soil and Water; Forest Resource Security
5 9
5 Producti
onEcon omy
P. 2 Forest products and services are sustained
- C.2.1 Forest has a normal series
of diameter size-gradation, a normal volume and a
normal increment. 4
C Flow of Forest Products
12 C.2.2 Normality in non-timber
forest products and services
3 Flow of Forest Products
Social P. 3 Forest is managed in the
multi-stakeholder environments
- C.3.1 Rights of all stakeholders
are established fairly and acknowledged
3 C
Economic, Social and Cultural Aspects
18 C.3.2 Fair benefit distribution
among the stakeholders 4
Economic, Social and Cultural Aspects
C.3.3 Stakeholders have a learning capacity related to
the complexity of forest ecosystem management
3 Economic, Social and
Cultural Aspects
Code ‘P’ is Principle; ‘C’ is Criterion; ‘-‘ Does not exist
The ITTO’s CI set also emphasizes the importance of existing implementation procedures, guidelines and plans, while the developed CI set
does not. The developed CI set is more impact-oriented. Another difference is the existence of the policy aspect of the ITTO’s CI set. The first criterion
‘Enabling Conditions for Sustainable Forest Management’ is more of a
government role than an FMU role.
4.1.3.2. Forest Stewardship Council Principle Criteria set
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