SMS Based Early Flood Warning System Using Raspberry Pi.

SMS BASED EARLY FLOOD WARNING SYSTEM USING RASPBERRY PI

ABDULLAH AZAM BIN SHAHRIN

JUDUL: SMS Based Early Flodd Warning System Using Raspberry Pi SESI PENGAJIAN: Sem 2 2014/2015

Saya Dr Fahmi Arif

mengaku membenarkan tesis (PSM/Sarjana/Doktor Falsafah) ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Fakulti Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

1. Tesis dan projek adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka. 2. Perpustakaan Fakulti Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi dibenarkan

membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.

3. Perpustakaan Fakulti Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.

4. ** Sila tandakan (/)

________ SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia Seperti yang termaktub di dalam Akta RAHSIA RASMI 1972)

________ TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah di tentukan oleh organisasi/badan di

mana penyelidikan dijalankan) ________ TIDAK TERHAD

______________________________ ______________________________ (TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA) Alamat tetap: No. 8 Jalan TU37, Dr Fami Arif

Taman Tasik Utama 75450, Ayer Keroh, Melaka

i

SMS BASED EARLY FLOOD WARNING SYSTEM USING RASPBERRY PI

ABDULLAH AZAM BIN SHAHRIN

This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Computer Science (Computer Networking)

FACULTY OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this project report entitled

SMS BASED EARLY FLOOD WARNING SYSTEM USING RASPBERRRY PI

Is written by me and is my own effort and that no part has plagiarized without citations.

STUDENT : __________________________________ Date: ____________ (ABDULLAH AZAM BIN SHAHRIN)

SUPERVISOR : __________________________________ Date: ____________ (DR FAHMI ARIF)

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Alhamdulillah and thanks to Allah Almighty for letting me finished my subject of BITU3973 – Projek Sarjana Muda in this final year in UTeM which had started on 23 February 2015 to 4 September 2015. First of all I would like to thank my helpful Supervisor, Dr Fahmi Arif for his well teaching, guidance, and advice throughout this project. Dr Fahmi has helped me in the completion of my Projek Sarjana Muda System. He helped me solved all the problems that I had and also suggested all the brilliant ideas for making the system complete. I am very grateful to have him as my supervisor. I would also like to thank my father, mother and other families for their endless support in my studies all these years. They kept constantly reminded me to do my best for this Projek Sarjana Muda subject.

I would also like to thank all my friends especially those who work together to build this system and also all my classmates for their wise ideas throughout this project. Thanks to all my friends who had been very supportive during the hardships. Thanks to the outsiders or anyone too, who had involved either directly or indirectly in developing this SMS BASED EARLY FLOOD WARNING SYSTEM USING RASPBERRY PI. This whole program had really brought us together and made us appreciate the true value of friendships as well as to respect each other.

ABSTRACT

Floods are the most damaging natural disaster in this world. When it happened, it can destroy the community and killed many lives. The government would end up spending billions of dollars to recover the affected area. It is crucial to develop a flood control system as a mechanism to reduce the flood risk. Getting a quick feedback regarding the rise of the water level would help the surrounding area to take early pre-caution such as move away quickly to a safer and higher place. Thus, this project is about designing a system that can measure the speed of the rise of the water level at the potential flooded area. Waterfall model is used as the methodology in this project. The water sensor, Raspberry Pi and GSM module are the hardware used in the system. Raspberry Pi is used to collect the data from the water sensor and transmit the data to GSM Module to send the alert by using an SMS via a mobile phone. The analysis will be done to show how the Raspberry Pi will be integrated with the smartphone to give an alert. The system will be tested in order to ensure that all specifications needed have been met. A performance test will also be ran in order to see the efficiency of the system.

v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER SUBJECT PAGE

DECLARATION ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

ABSTRACT iv

TABLE OF CONTENT v

LIST OF TABLE vii

LIST OF FIGURES ix

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Problem Statements 2

1.3 Project Questions 3

1.4 Project Objective 3

1.5 Project Scope 4

1.5.1 Component Used 4

1.5.2 Testing Environment 6

1.6 Project Contribution 6

1.7 Thesis Organization 7

1.8 Conclusion 8

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.2 Flood 9

2.3 Raspberry Pi 10

2.4 System Development Methodology 13

2.5 Related Work/Previous Work 17

2.5.1 Flood-Pi: Flood Detection on Raspberry Pi 18 2.5.2 Flood Monitoring System Using GSM 19 2.5.3 Water Level Monitoring and Flood Alert System 21 2.6 Critical review of current problem and justification 24 2.7 Proposed Solution/Further Project 25

2.8 Conclusion 26

CHAPTER 3 PROJECT METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 27

3.2 Methodology 28

3.3 Project Milestones 31

3.4 Conclusion 34

CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

4.1 Introduction 35

4.2 Problem Analysis 35

4.3 Requirement Analysis 36

4.3.1 Data Requirement 36

4.3.2 Functional Requirement 37

4.3.3 Non-Functional Requirement 37

4.3.4 Others Requirement 37

4.4 Detailed Design 39

vii

CHAPTER 5 IMPLEMENTATION

5.1 Introduction 43

5.2 Environment Setup 43

5.3 Conclusion 47

CHAPTER 6 PROJECT TESTING

6.1 Introduction 48

6.2 Results and Analysis 48

6.2.1 Full Volume Flow Rate 49

6.2.2 Half Volume Flow Rate 57

6.3 Conclusion 66

CHAPTER 7 PROJECT CONCLUSION

7.1 Introduction 67

7.2 Project Summarization 67

7.3 Project Contribution 68

7.4 Project Limitation 69

7.5 Future Works 69

7.6 Conclusion 70

REFERENCE 71

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE TITLE PAGE

1.1 Problem Statement 2

1.2 Summary of Project Questions 3

1.3 Summary of Project Objective 4

1.4 Summary of Project Contributions 6

2.1 Specifications of Raspberry Pi Model B+ 11

2.2 Specifications of Water Sensor 12

2.3 Specifications of Huawei mobile broadband E173 12 2.4 Advantage and Disadvantage of Waterfall model 14 2.5 Advantage and Disadvantage of Rapid Application

Development 15

3.1 Gantt Chart 33

3.2 Milestones 33

6.1 Time Between Real and System Time 49

6.2 Sensor 1 Message Time 51

6.3 Sensor 2 Message Time 53

6.4 Water Speed Differences 55

6.5 Time Between Real and System Time 57

6.6 Sensor 1 Message Time 59

6.7 Sensor 2 Message Time 61

ix

LIST OF FIGURES

DIAGRAM TITLE PAGE

1.1 Water Sensor Model SEN113104 4

1.2 Raspberry Pi Model B+ 5

1.3 Huawei mobile broadband E173 5

2.1 Waterfall Methodology Model 14

2.2 Rapid Application Development 15

2.3 SDLC Development Phase 16

2.4 SSADM Development Phase 17

2.5 Tools for Flood-Pi 18

2.6 Flowchart Flood Monitoring System using GSM 20 2.7 Block Diagram Flood Monitoring System using GSM 21

2.8 Layout of components in FAS 21

2.9 Raspberry Pi Model B 23

3.1 Component Layout 29

3.2 Flowchart of The Proposed System 32

3.3 Methodology (Waterfall) 34

4.1 Context Diagram 37

4.2 Layout of component in SMS based flood early warning

system using Raspberry PI 39

4.3 Flowchart of SMS based flood early warning system using

Raspberry PI 40

4.4 Flowchart of Time Calculate 41

6.1 Difference Time between Real and System Time 51

6.2 Sensor 1 Delay Time 53

6.3 Sensor 2 Delay Time 55

6.4 Water Speed Differences 57

6.5 Difference Time between Real and System Time 59

6.6 Sensor 1 Delay Time 61

6.7 Sensor 2 Delay Time 63

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

According to Eleuterio (2012), floods are the most damaging natural hazard in this world. Better understanding about the flood hazard phenomenon and its potential consequences in our society is crucial for the development of flood risk reduction projects, control policies and other types of flood management strategies. According to Tomaszkiewicz (2013), since the Flood Control Act of 1927, interest in flood control has been a surge in South Louisiana. Several experts have studied over the years on ways to improve flood control, thereby reducing risk.

Nowadays, the climate is changing drastically. Natural disasters like typhoon, earthquake, flood and others are expected to occur unconsciously. Since Malaysia is located near the equator, the most severe climatic related natural disasters are monsoonal flooded. It is considered as a norm in Malaysia. It happens almost every year and causes a lot of damages, property loss, and not to mention the lives taken during the disaster. For example, in December 2006 and January 2007 where a massive flood had killed 18 people and more than 110,000 people were relocated. Furthermore, the total loss of this flood was estimated around RM1.5 billion and was considered as one of the most costly flooding ever happen in Malaysia. The worst flood in Malaysia in more than a decade had also killed 10 people and nearly 160,000 people were relocated from their homes.

The major disasters happened in the several states on the east coast side of peninsular Malaysia. The estimated cost of damages was about RM1 billion as stated in the Reuters and BBC News on December 2014.

The goal of this project is to give the society an earlier feedback to move before the water rises and also to reduce the risk of flooding via mobile phone which is sent through Short Message Service (SMS). This project is based on the Raspberry Pi where it will collect the data from the water sensor and transmit the data to GSM Module to send the alert. Based on the evaluation on April 2014 by Azilawati in the Communications and Multimedia Pocket Book of Statistic, about 30,379,000 units of mobile phones were used in Malaysia, and Malaysia was ranked in 40th _{place in the} world as most mobile phone users with the population of 28,250,000 people. Therefore, the majority of people in Malaysia uses mobile phones and it is a good strategy to give an early warning to the society using an SMS via mobile phone because it is the most effective way to this point of view.

1.2 Problem Statements (PS)

Based on the introduction above, the problem statements found in this project are stated in Table 1.1 as shown below.

Table 1.1: Problem Statements PS Problem Statement

PS1 The society does not aware of the rise of the water level in the nearest river.

PS2 The society was not well informed when the water level reaches its dangerous level

3

1.3 Project Questions (PQ)

Project questions, PQ1 and PQ2, are found based on the problem statements, PS1 and PS2, as stated above. One project question, PQ3, is also constructed to identify PS2. The summary of the project questions is described in Table 1.2.

Table 1.2: Summary of the Project Questions PS PQ Project Question

PS1 PQ1 How to measure the rate of increasing of the water level?

PS2 PQ2 Can the society get the information by utilizing the existing tools? PQ3 How is the performance of the early warning system?

1.4 Project Objective (PO)

There are three objectives identified for this project. They are:

PO 1: To design the system that can measure the speed of water level rise

The main objective is to design a system that can measure the speed of the rise of the water level. With this, we can know how fast is the water rising and thus, the information regarding this can be sent quickly to the nearest authorized station which is responsible to alert and inform the surrounding people.

PO 2: To develop the system that can alert or send information regarding the water level hazard to society

This is also important where the society can also receive the first hand information on the current situation of the water level in their area. By using an SMS based early warning system, it will spread the information regarding the water level hazard to society effectively through a mobile phone.

PO 3: To evaluate the performance of the proposed system.

After designing the system, it must be tested in order to ensure that all specifications needed have been met. Performance test must also be ran in order to see the efficiency of the system. Table 1.3 summarizes the objective that can be achieved at the end of this project.

Table 1.3: Summary of the Project Objectives PS PQ PO Project Objective

PS1 PQ1 PO1 To design the system that can measure the speed of the rise of the water level

PS2 PQ2 PO2 To develop the system that can spread the information efficiently regarding the water level hazard to society

PQ3 PO3 To evaluate the performance of the proposed system

1.5 Project Scope

1.5.1 Components used

Figure 1.1: Water Sensor Model SEN113104

• The input data for the system are collected from this water sensor by triggering the water rise. The system needs at least two sensors to collect the data where each of them will be placed at a certain height to calculate the time of the water rise from the first to the second water sensor. With this, the user can know the

5 time of water rise and prepare for the worst case which is the flood and also this can also help to reduce the flood risk where people can move before the flood getting worst. Figure 1.1 shows the water sensor that will be used to develop the system.

Figure 1.2: Raspberry Pi Model B+

• Raspberry Pi (Figure 1.2) will be used to do a calculation process of prediction time taken by the water to reach the next level of the water sensor and also the speed of the water rise. A report will be generated at the end of the process and will be sent as an alert via SMS to users to tell them about the current situation.

Figure 1.3: Huawei mobile broadband E173

• Once the report has been generated, it will be delivered via SMS to the end user over the GSM network. The SIM card used will be justified and thus, will alert the authorized people and society regarding the water rising. It can also post a status on the Facebook page or tweet on the Twitter to inform other people about the current situation happened in that area. Figure 1.3 is one of the examples of the mobile broadband used in the system. There are others of the Huawei modem that can support with Raspberry Pi but not all of it can integrate with it.

1.5.2 Testing Environment

This project will test the rises of the water where the water sensor will be placed in a box or basin and placed on the river. The top of the box or basin is covered so that the water sensor will not be triggered by the rain water. When the water rises and reaches to the first sensor, automatically, the sensor will send an alert message to the authorized user or the head of the society to inform about the water level of the nearby area. Later, when the water reaches to the second sensor which is placed at a much higher level than the first sensor, another alert message will be sent to inform that the water is now reaching to a dangerous level. This project does not test in a real environment, instead, it will just be tested in a controlled environment.

1.6 Project Contribution (PC)

This project will benefit the society who lives in a flooded-risk area. It will increase the awareness of those people of what is expected to happen during a heavy rain so that some precaution measures can be taken. It can also give an early warning about the flood so that the people can quickly move to a safer place within the time frame and thus, will reduce the loss of life and belongings. Table 1.4 summarizes the project contributions.

Table 1.4: Summary of Project Contributions PS PQ PO PC Project Contribution

PS1 PQ1 PO1 PC1 Increase awareness to the society which live in the flooded-risk area

PS2 PQ2 PQ3

PO2 PC2 Give an early message regarding the flood so that they can quickly move to a safer place

7

1.7 Thesis Organization

Chapter 1: Introduction

This chapter discusses about the introduction of the project and the project background. It outlines the problem statements, project questions, project objectives, project scopes, project contributions and the thesis organization of this project.

Chapter 2: Literature Review

This chapter discusses about the literature review of the project. It describes the related work or previous work, critical review of the current problems and justifications, and also the proposed solution or further project of this project.

Chapter 3: Project Methodology

This chapter discusses the project methodology and how it would be carried out. It describes each stage of the selected methodology and explains the action plan for the end of the project in Project Milestones.

Chapter 4: Analysis and Design

This chapter discusses the Problem Analysis, Requirement Analysis, Requirement analysis (Data Requirement, Functional Requirement, Non Functional Requirement and Others Requirement), High- Level Design (System Architecture, User Interface Design and Database design) and the Detailed Design (Software and Physical Database Design).

Chapter 5: Implementation

This chapter discusses the activity involved in the implementation phase. It deliberates the Software Development Environment setup, Software Configuration Management (Configuration Environment Setup and Version Control Procedure) and the Implementation Status.

Chapter 6: Testing

This chapter discusses about the testing phase and what is the testing strategy to be adopted in this project. There are also Test Plan (Test Organization, Test Environment and Test Schedule), Test Strategy (Classes of tests) and Test Design (Test Description, Test Data and Test Results and Analysis).

Chapter 7: Project Conclusion

This chapter concludes the project summarization, project contributions, project limitation and the future works of this project.

1.8 Conclusion

Finally, it is hoped that a clear understanding is gotten about what the project is going to happen. The analysis will show how the Raspberry Pi will be integrated with the mobile phone to give an alert. In the next chapter, the literature review will be discussed.

9

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

In this chapter, we will discuss about the literature review related to this project. We will look at some studies that have been made in the previous or related work, its methodology, and the critical review of current problems as well as the proposed solution for further studies of this project.

2.2 Flood

A flood is a land which is usually dry being submerged by an outpouring of water. An overflow of water from water bodies is what occurs in flooding, such as it may happen due to a collection of rainwater on saturated soil in an area flood or a lake or river, resulting in some of that water overflowing its usual limits. Alongside with the size of other body of water or a lake will differ with every seasonal change in rainfall and snow melt, these alterations in size are impossible to be considered significant unless they drown livestock or flood property.

With the meanders or bends in the waterway, floods can also occur in rivers when the flow rate is more than the volume of the river channel. The natural flood plains of rivers are the basis of flood which often damage to businesses and home if they are in it. People have traditionally worked and lived by the rivers because rivers provide easy travel and access to industry and commerce and also the land there is usually abundant and flat.

There are floods that develop gradually, while there are others, such as flash floods that can develop without visible marks of rain in just a few minutes. Moreover, floods can be confined, effecting a community, society or neighborhood, or the entire river basins.

This is why the flood detection system is vital and needed to reduce the risk related to the floods. The system is supposed to detect the overflow of the water and at once, give an early caution to the community, society or neighborhood about the floods. With that, people can be well prepared and move away faster to a safer or higher place.

2.3 Raspberry Pi

The Raspberry Pi is a series of credit card-sized single-board computers developed in the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation with the purpose of supporting the learning and teaching of the basic computer science in schools.

The Raspberry Pi was originated based on the Broadcom BCM2835 system on a chip (SoC), which include a VideoCore IV GPU, ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz processor, and was initially shipped with 256 megabytes of RAM, later upgraded (models B and B+) to 512 MB. The system has a Secure Digital (SD) (models A and B) or MicroSD (models A+ and B+) sockets for persistent storage and boot media.

11 In 2014, the Raspberry Pi Foundation presented the Compute Module, which packages an eMMC flash chip and a BCM2835 with 512 MB RAM into a module to use as a part of embedded systems.

The Foundation provides Debian and Arch Linux ARM distributions for downloading. Tools are available for Python as the main programming language, with support for BBC BASIC (via the Brandy Basic clone for Linux or the RISC OS image), Java, C++, Perl, C and Ruby. Specifications of Raspberry Pi Model B+ were shown in Table 2.1 below.

Table 2.1: Specifications of Raspberry Pi Model B+

Raspberry Pi Model B+

Target Price US$25 (RM90)

System On a Chip Broadcom BCM2835 (CPU, GPU, DSP, SDRAM, one USB port)

CPU 700 MHz single-core ARM1176JZF-S

GPU Broadcom VideoCore IV@250 MHz

OpenGL ES 2.0 (24 GFLOPS)

MPEG-2 and VC-1 (with license), 1080p30 H.264/MPEG-4 AVC high-profile decoder and encoder

Memory 512 MB (shared with GPU)

USB 2.0 ports 4 (via the on-board 5-port USB hub)

Video input 15-pin MIPI camera interface (CSI) connector, used with the Raspberry Pi camera or Raspberry Pi NoIR camera Power Source 5 V via Micro USB or GPIO header

Size 85.60 mm x 56.5 mm (3.370 in x 2.224 in) – not including protruding connectors

Weight 45 g (1.6 oz)

The water sensor that is being used to sense the water level is water sensor Model SEN113104. The water sensor module is part of the Grove system. It indicates

whether the sensor is dry, damp or completely immersed in water by measuring conductivity. The sensor traces have a weak pull-up resistor of 1 MΩ. The resistor will pull the sensor trace value, high until a drop of water shorts the sensor traces to the grounded trace. Believe it or not, this circuit will work with the digital I/O pins of the Arduino or it can be used with the analog pins to detect the amount of water induced contact between the ground and the sensor traces. Some of the features of it are grove compatible interface, low power consumption, 2.0cm x 2.0cm Grove module and high sensitivity. The application ideas of this sensor are rainfall detecting, liquid leakage and tank overflow detector. Table 2.2 shows the specifications of this water sensor:

Table 2.2: Specifications of Water Sensor

Item Min Typical Max Unit

Working Voltage 4.75 5.0 5.25 V

Current <20 mA

Working Temperature 10 - 30 ℃

Working Humidity (without condensation) 10 - 90 %

The GSM Module used is Huawei mobile broadband E173. This USB modem is by far compatible and better to use for this project. Also, in terms of the costs, it is much cheaper than using other types of GSM Module for Raspberry Pi. It is a compact, plug & play devices with MicroSD slot and SIM card. The specifications of the Huewei mobile Broadband were shown in Table 2.3 below.

Table 2.3: Specifications of Huawei mobile broadband E173 Specification

Model E173

Color White, Black

Form USB Stick

Communication System

1.7 Thesis Organization

Chapter 1: Introduction

This chapter discusses about the introduction of the project and the project background. It outlines the problem statements, project questions, project objectives, project scopes, project contributions and the thesis organization of this project.

Chapter 2: Literature Review

This chapter discusses about the literature review of the project. It describes the related work or previous work, critical review of the current problems and justifications, and also the proposed solution or further project of this project. Chapter 3: Project Methodology

This chapter discusses the project methodology and how it would be carried out. It describes each stage of the selected methodology and explains the action plan for the end of the project in Project Milestones.

Chapter 4: Analysis and Design

This chapter discusses the Problem Analysis, Requirement Analysis, Requirement analysis (Data Requirement, Functional Requirement, Non Functional Requirement and Others Requirement), High- Level Design (System Architecture, User Interface Design and Database design) and the Detailed Design (Software and Physical Database Design).

Chapter 5: Implementation

This chapter discusses the activity involved in the implementation phase. It deliberates the Software Development Environment setup, Software Configuration Management (Configuration Environment Setup and Version Control Procedure) and the Implementation Status.

Chapter 6: Testing

This chapter discusses about the testing phase and what is the testing strategy to be adopted in this project. There are also Test Plan (Test Organization, Test Environment and Test Schedule), Test Strategy (Classes of tests) and Test Design (Test Description, Test Data and Test Results and Analysis).

Chapter 7: Project Conclusion

This chapter concludes the project summarization, project contributions, project limitation and the future works of this project.

1.8 Conclusion

Finally, it is hoped that a clear understanding is gotten about what the project is going to happen. The analysis will show how the Raspberry Pi will be integrated with the mobile phone to give an alert. In the next chapter, the literature review will be discussed.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

In this chapter, we will discuss about the literature review related to this project. We will look at some studies that have been made in the previous or related work, its methodology, and the critical review of current problems as well as the proposed solution for further studies of this project.

2.2 Flood

A flood is a land which is usually dry being submerged by an outpouring of water. An overflow of water from water bodies is what occurs in flooding, such as it may happen due to a collection of rainwater on saturated soil in an area flood or a lake or river, resulting in some of that water overflowing its usual limits. Alongside with the size of other body of water or a lake will differ with every seasonal change in rainfall and snow melt, these alterations in size are impossible to be considered significant unless they drown livestock or flood property.

With the meanders or bends in the waterway, floods can also occur in rivers when the flow rate is more than the volume of the river channel. The natural flood plains of rivers are the basis of flood which often damage to businesses and home if they are in it. People have traditionally worked and lived by the rivers because rivers provide easy travel and access to industry and commerce and also the land there is usually abundant and flat.

There are floods that develop gradually, while there are others, such as flash floods that can develop without visible marks of rain in just a few minutes. Moreover, floods can be confined, effecting a community, society or neighborhood, or the entire river basins.

This is why the flood detection system is vital and needed to reduce the risk related to the floods. The system is supposed to detect the overflow of the water and at once, give an early caution to the community, society or neighborhood about the floods. With that, people can be well prepared and move away faster to a safer or higher place.

2.3 Raspberry Pi

The Raspberry Pi is a series of credit card-sized single-board computers developed in the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation with the purpose of supporting the learning and teaching of the basic computer science in schools.

The Raspberry Pi was originated based on the Broadcom BCM2835 system on a

chip (SoC), which include a VideoCore IV GPU,

ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz processor, and was initially shipped with 256 megabytes of RAM, later upgraded (models B and B+) to 512 MB. The system has a Secure Digital (SD) (models A and B) or MicroSD (models A+ and B+) sockets for persistent storage and boot media.

In 2014, the Raspberry Pi Foundation presented the Compute Module, which packages an eMMC flash chip and a BCM2835 with 512 MB RAM into a module to use as a part of embedded systems.

The Foundation provides Debian and Arch Linux ARM distributions for downloading. Tools are available for Python as the main programming language, with support for BBC BASIC (via the Brandy Basic clone for Linux or the RISC OS image), Java, C++, Perl, C and Ruby. Specifications of Raspberry Pi Model B+ were shown in Table 2.1 below.

Table 2.1: Specifications of Raspberry Pi Model B+

Raspberry Pi Model B+

Target Price US$25 (RM90)

System On a Chip Broadcom BCM2835 (CPU, GPU, DSP, SDRAM, one

USB port)

CPU 700 MHz single-core ARM1176JZF-S

GPU Broadcom VideoCore IV@250 MHz

OpenGL ES 2.0 (24 GFLOPS)

MPEG-2 and VC-1 (with license), 1080p30 H.264/MPEG-4 AVC high-profile decoder and encoder

Memory 512 MB (shared with GPU)

USB 2.0 ports 4 (via the on-board 5-port USB hub)

Video input 15-pin MIPI camera interface (CSI) connector, used with

the Raspberry Pi camera or Raspberry Pi NoIR camera

Power Source 5 V via Micro USB or GPIO header

Size 85.60 mm x 56.5 mm (3.370 in x 2.224 in) – not including

protruding connectors

Weight 45 g (1.6 oz)

The water sensor that is being used to sense the water level is water sensor Model SEN113104. The water sensor module is part of the Grove system. It indicates

whether the sensor is dry, damp or completely immersed in water by measuring conductivity. The sensor traces have a weak pull-up resistor of 1 MΩ. The resistor will pull the sensor trace value, high until a drop of water shorts the sensor traces to the grounded trace. Believe it or not, this circuit will work with the digital I/O pins of the Arduino or it can be used with the analog pins to detect the amount of water induced contact between the ground and the sensor traces. Some of the features of it are grove compatible interface, low power consumption, 2.0cm x 2.0cm Grove module and high sensitivity. The application ideas of this sensor are rainfall detecting, liquid leakage and tank overflow detector. Table 2.2 shows the specifications of this water sensor:

Table 2.2: Specifications of Water Sensor

Item Min Typical Max Unit

Working Voltage 4.75 5.0 5.25 V

Current <20 mA

Working Temperature 10 - 30 ℃

Working Humidity (without condensation) 10 - 90 %

The GSM Module used is Huawei mobile broadband E173. This USB modem is by far compatible and better to use for this project. Also, in terms of the costs, it is much cheaper than using other types of GSM Module for Raspberry Pi. It is a compact, plug & play devices with MicroSD slot and SIM card. The specifications of the Huewei mobile Broadband were shown in Table 2.3 below.

Table 2.3: Specifications of Huawei mobile broadband E173 Specification

Model E173

Color White, Black

Form USB Stick

Communication System