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Abstract:
Since 2010 paddy field monitoring systems have been installed in ten locations in Indonesia. Each system performs quasi real-time monitoring using a FieldRouter equipped with an in situ
camera and connected to meteorological and soil data loggers. All parameters are measured and monitored at 30
‐
min intervals. Data and field images are daily transmitted to a remote server through Internet connection. During experiments, field monitoring systems showed good
performance in monitoring and transmitting field data. Quasi real-time monitoring is more power-saving and Internet-cost-effective than real-time monitoring. However, its stability
depends on the field solar power supply and Internet connection. If there are any problems with the Internet connection, power supply, or sensors, the field image and the data are lost. For
minimizing problems in fields, it is best to involve local residents in maintaining the systems. We plan to develop an advanced data management system for analyzing the data with specific
purposes bearing on climate change in the future works.
Keywords: monitoring system, paddy fields, system of rice intensification,
FieldRouter, quasi real-time.
1. Introduction
Recently, scarcities of water resources and competition for their use have made water saving the main challenge to the sustainability of rice farming. Therefore, water saving technologies have
become a priority in rice research [1]. In addition, the prospect of climate change has been affecting agricultural activities, particularly in paddy fields [2]. Adaptation and mitigation
strategies in the face of climate change are a principal focus of rice research. Environmental data sets such as meteorological and soil data are needed to develop suitable strategies for addressing
this issue.
Improvements in the technology for collecting such data from paddy fields in Indonesia via field monitoring has commenced since 2008 in the form of real-time monitoring [3]. However, the
study was limited to a short-term experiment and exposed problems with the stability of real- time field monitoring. Its stability depends on the local electrical power supply and an Internet
connection. Real-time monitoring was not suitable for Indonesia because paddy fields are commonly in open areas far from farmers houses, rendering it difficult to find electrical sources
to power field monitoring systems.
To solve this problem, quasi real-time monitoring with the newly developed FieldRouter [4] was introduced. The FieldRouter connects data loggers such as meteorological and soil data loggers.
It then collects all measurement data from the data loggers, as well as field images, and sends them to a server daily via an Internet connection. The main objective of the present study was to
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evaluate the performance of paddy field monitoring systems installed in several areas in Indonesia for quasi real-time monitoring.
2. Methods 2.1 Fields monitored
Field monitoring systems were installed in ten different paddy fields in Indonesia Table 1. We installed the field monitoring systems gradually, starting in October 2010. The first installation
was at Nusantara Organics Systems of Rice Intensification SRI Center NOSC, a center for research, development, and training activities for SRI. Under SRI, reduced water input was
applied in paddy fields instead of flood irrigation. The same cultivation practice was conducted in Cimanggu-Cilacap Field 3 and Wates-Kulonprogro Field 4.
Table 1. Location of paddy fields monitored in Indonesia
No Location Province
GPS Position
Time installation
1 NOCS, Nagrak-Sukabumi West Java
06º50 ′43′′ S, 106º48′20′′ E
October 2010 2
PT. Sang Hyang Seri, Sukamandi West
Java 6°20
′13.00′′ S, 107°39‘10.00′′ E November 2010
3 Cimanggu-Cilacap Central
Java 7°21
′28.87′′ S, 108°52′6.05′′ E July 2011
4 Wates-Kulonprogro Yogyakarta
7°53 ′55.80′′ S, 110° 7′51.00′′ E
November 2012 5 Umejero-Buleleng
Bali 8°17
′1.43′′ S, 115° 2′13.00′′ E December 2012
6 Titab-Buleleng Bali
8°16 ′16.43′′ S, 114°58′2.87′′ E
December 2011 7 Lokapaksa-Buleleng
Bali 8°12
′42.44′′ S, 114°55′45.19′′E October 2012
8 Malino-Gowa South
Sulawesi 5°16 ′31.20′′ S, 119°51′6.00′′ E
November 2012 9 Bisua-Takalar
South Sulawesi 5°22
′56.40′′ S, 119°26′21.60′′E November 2012
10 Kampili-Gowa South
Sulawesi 5°18 ′10.20′′ S, 119°3051.00′′ E
March 2012
Conventional rice cultivation with continuous flooding irrigation was applied in paddy fields 2 and 5–10. For field 2, rice cultivation was conducted to produce rice seed by PT. Sang Hyang
Seri is an Indonesian state-owned agricultural enterprise. Fields 5–10 were located in upstream, mid-stream, and downstream regions of two well-known watersheds, Saba and Jeneberang, in
Bali and South Sulawesi. Those locations were selected because they have contrasting socioeconomic backgrounds, evaluated in a preliminary study. They have faced in recent years
similar water availability problems that may be consequences of climate change. Water management in the Saba watershed has a long historical background involving many aspects of
nature and human life with a “subak” irrigation system [5]. In contrast, water management in the Jeneberang watershed follows a modern approach based on the establishment of the new Bili-bili
Dam.
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3. Result 3.1 Acce
