means ‘to go together’ Finch, 2000: 152. Then, “collocation would be to think of it in terms of the tendency of certain words to co-occur regularly in a given language”
Baker 1992: 47. Hence, preposition combinations are seen as the co-occurrence between the prepositions and the verbs, adjectives, and nouns.
Furthermore, collocation is seen as a part of continuum of strength of association: a continuum that moves from
compound words second-hand, record player, through multi-word units - or lexical chunks - bits and pieces, including idioms out of the blue and
phrasal verbs do up, to collocations of more or less fixedness set the record straight, set a new world record
Thornbury, 2008: 7.
It means that collocation consists of various range of idiomaticity and has been the habit of English native speakers for many years Prodromou 2004 as stated by Al-
Sibai 2007, http: faculty. ksu. edu. sa dinaalsibai Research 20 Papers 04. 20 Collocation 20Review.pdf. This distribution of the range of collocation is called
collocational range Finch, 2000: 152.
a. Category of Collocation
Benson, Benson, and Ilson 1993, as said by Moehkardi 2002: 54, divided collocation into two categories: grammatical and lexical collocation. The grammatical
collocation is more general and is relevant to a large number of examples. On the contrary, the lexical collocation is more specific and is relevant to small number of
examples Nattinger and DeCarrico, 2001: 22. However, both grammatical and lexical collocations are varied from the idiomatic until the less idiomatic
combinations.
1 Grammatical Collocation
It consists of a noun, an adjective, or a verb, plus a particle, which is in the form of a preposition, an adverb, or grammatical structure like infinitive or gerund.
Specifically, Benson, Benson, and Ilson 1986, as stated by Moehkardi 2002: 54- 58, added that grammatical collocation consists of:
a noun + preposition combinations
b noun + to + infinitive
c noun + that-clause
d preposition + noun combinations
e adjective + preposition combinations
f predicate adjective + to + infinitive
g adjective + that clause
h Nineteen patterns of collocational verb:
1 Moving an indirect object to a position before the direct object of transitive verbs is allowed.
2 Moving an indirect object to a position before the direct object by deleting to is not allowed.
3 Transitive verbs with preposition for allow the deletion of for and the movement of the indirect object to a position before the direct object.
4 The verbs with specific prepositions and objects prepositional verbs. 5 Verbs followed by to + infinitive which means a purpose.
6 Verbs followed by infinitive, without to. They include modals and verbal phrases like had better and would rather.
7 Verbs followed by second verbs in V-ing form. 8 Transitive verbs followed by an object and to + infinitive.
9 Transitive verbs followed by an object and infinitive, without to. 10 Verbs followed by an object and V-ing.
11 Verbs could be followed by a noun or pronoun and gerund. 12 Verbs followed by a noun clause which begins with conjunction that.
13 Transitive verbs could be followed by a direct object, an infinitive to be and adjectivepast participlenounpronoun.
14 Transitive verbs followed by a direct object and adjectivepast participle or nounpronoun.
15 Transitive verbs followed by two objects. 16 Intransitivereflexivetransitive verbs must be followed by an adverbial in the
form of an adverb, a prepositional phrase, a noun phrase, or a clause. 17 Verbs could be followed by interrogative words.
18 Dummy it is followed by transitive verbs which express emotion and to + infinitive
or that + clause or by either. 19 A small number of intransitive verbs are followed by a predicate noun or
predicate adjective.
2 Lexical Collocation
It is a type of collocation which does not contain grammatical elements. Benson, Benson, and Ilson 1986, as stated by Moehkardi 2002: 59-60, mentioned
seven types of lexical collocation: a CA Creation and Activation collocation, which consists of transitive verbs +
nounpronounprepositional phrase. This collocation refers to creation or activation, such as: compose a music creation, set an alarm activation.
b EN Eradication and Nullification collocation, which consist of verbs which means eradication or nullification + noun, such as: reject an appeal, revoke a license,
annul a marriage, withdraw an offer .
c Adjective + noun, such as: strongweak tea, kindkindestbest regard. d Noun + verb, such as: bees buzz, bomb explodes, alarms go off.
e Noun + noun, such as: a herd of buffalo, a bouquet of flowers, a bit of advice. f Adverb + adjective, such as: deeply absorbed, hopelessly addicted.
g Verb + adverb, such as: appreciate sincerely, argue heatedly.
4. Preposition
