CHAPTER II DISCUSSION
This chapter covers the review of related literature and the findings of the study. The review of related literature is a sub-chapter in which the writer
discusses the theories used in this study and its relevance in supporting the issue discussed in this study. The second part, the findings of the study, is meant to
discuss the interpretation of the findings in this study that would be used in the conclusion of the study.
A. Review of Related Literature
This section presents theories and reviews which can be used in analyzing a literary work. The theories, which are used in this study are, theory of character,
methods of characterization, and theory of motivation. All elaborations of theories in this study are as follows.
1. Theory of Character
Character is one of the most important elements in the novel. Abrams 1981 states that characters are person in a dramatic or narrative work, endowed
with moral and depositional qualities that expresses in what they say – dialogue –
and what they do – action. Stanton defines character into two. The first is major
character, where the character dominates the whole the story and always presented to gain the story. The second is minor character, where the character is shown to
help the main character 1965, pp. 17-18.. Milligan 1983 also defines characters into two kinds; they are major characters and secondary characters.
Major characters are those who appear more often in the story. Secondary characters are those who appear less in the story p. 195. In Literature:
Structure, Sound, and Sense, Perrine 1974 distinguishes the character into two types.
a. Static Character
A static character does not undergo a change. This kind of character will have the same characteristics from the beginning to the end of the story p.71. It
concludes that the character in the story has the same behavior, thought, attitude in the whole story in the novel.
b. Dynamic Character
A dynamic character is a developing character. This kind of character will change in certain conditions and can be developed under some possibilities.
Dynamic character undergoes a permanent change in some aspects of his or her character, personality or outlook. The changes may be in a large or small portion,
and may be better or worse, which are important or basis p.71.
2. Methods of Characterization
Greenville states that characterization is the way that the author presents the characters and this is the process that transforms real life people into
characters in the fiction work 1980, p.82. According to Murphy 1972, there are
nine ways that enable the author to present a character in a story understandably and lively for the readers pp.161-173.
First, through personal description. The author directly describes the characters‟ appearance and clothes p.161, how the character looks like and what
social class they belong to. The reader has the imagination of how the character appearance.
Second, character as seen by another. This way differs from personal description, which tells the readers directly about the character, the author can
also describe him through the eyes and opinions of another p.162. This way we need other character to see the other characters in the novel.
Third, the way for an author to present a character in the story is through speech. The author can give the readers insight about the character through what
the character says, whenever he speaks, whenever he is in conversation with another, and whenever he puts toward an opinion p.164. The dialogue in the
novel can determine someone‟s character. Fourth, past life. The author can give the readers a clue to events that have
helped to shape a person‟s character by telling his past life. This can be shown by the direct comment of the author, through a person‟s thoughts, by his conversation
or by a medium of another person p.166. Every person has different past life, it makes the character of every person in the novel is unique.
Fifth, through conversation of others. The author can give the reader clues to a person‟s character through the conversation of other people and the things
they say about him. Sometimes, people could not see how their character is, but others can.
Sixth, through reactions, the author can also give the reader a clue to a person‟s character by letting the reader know how that person reacts to various
situations and events. There is conflict in the novel, it is also the way how to determine the character in the novel. Someone‟s reaction to the conflict can show
their way of thinking and action. Seventh, through direct comment. The author describes or comments on a
person‟s character directly p.170. Eighth is thought. The author gives the readers direct knowledge of what
the person is thinking about p.171. The last way is through manner. The author can describe a per
son‟s mannerism, habits or idiocies, which may also tell us something about his
character.
3. Theory of Motivation
Kennedy and Gioia 1999 state that motivation as sufficient reason to behave as they do. Motivation leads human to take action. Motivation can push
someone to do something that they want p.60. According to McConnell 1977 motivation comes from the Latin word “motive” which mean “to move” is
defined in many different ways, the most common one is a series of questions that why people think, feel, and behave as they do p.259. Murray 1964
distinguishes motivation from the other factors that also influence behavior, such
as the past experience of a person, the physical capabilities, and the environmental situation in which a person finds himself p.7.
According to Franken 3,”motivation theorists start with the assumption that, for every behavior, there is a cause”. Their goal is to identify those causes.
Higgins in Franken‟s Human Motivation 3 states that psychologist distinguish between approach causes and avoidan causes. In approach behavior, people do
things because of something they want, desire, or need. This is often conceptualized in terms of a specific goal object. In avoidant behavior, people do
things to avoid something. According to Huffman 2000, motivation is a factor within an individual
such as needs, desires, and interests that activates, maintains, and directs behavior toward a goal. It indicates that people are motivated to do something
because they have a goal or purpose p.392. Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy 2000 also present two forms of motivation that affect achievement. They are
intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation p.401.
a. Intrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic motivation refers to a desire to perform an action for our own sake. It means that the motivation comes from someone‟s enjoyment; they do
something for their pleasure without a real reward certificate, statue, or money.
b. Extrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic motivation is a desire to perform an action because of the external rewards or avoidance of punishment. Someone is motivated to do
something because they want a reward, certificate, money, or status.
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