GENDER DIFFERENCES IN USING DISCOURSE MARKER OF LEXICAL PHRASE YOU KNOW AND I MEAN IN OPRAH WINFREY SHOW (A CASE STUDY OF SPECIAL TOPICS OF TALK SHOW).
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN USING DISCOURSE MARKER OF
LEXICAL PHRASES YOU KNOW AND I MEAN IN OPRAH WINFREY
SHOW
(A CASE STUDY OF SPECIAL TOPICS OF TALK SHOW)
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
AHMAD FADLI HARAHAP
Registration Number: 8146111002
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
MEDAN
2016
ABSTRACT
Harahap, Ahmad Fadli. Registration Number: 8146111002. Gender
Differences in Using Discourse Marker of Lexical Phrase You Know and I
Mean In Oprah Winfrey Show (A Case Study Of Special Topics Of Talk
Show). Thesis. English applied linguistics study program Postgraduate
School State University of Medan. 2016.
This research dealt with language and gender in discourse analysis. The objectives
of this study were: (1) To investigate the difference function of lexical phrases you
know and I mean utilized by male to female and female to female in Oprah
Winfrey Show. (2) To describe the context of the function of lexical phrases you
know and I mean by male to female and female to female are realized in Oprah
Winfrey Show. The data were obtained from the discourse marker of lexical
phrase you know and I mean of male and female in Oprah Winfrey Show based on
four topics of talk show. This research applied qualitative research design. The
data were collected through non participant observation by taking video recording
from you tube. The findings of this study showed that (1) Male and female
utilized differently discourse marker of lexical phrase You Know and I Mean when
they talked to female. (2) The context of discourse marker of lexical phrase you
know and I mean were realized in linguistic context and situational context. Both
contexts caused the difference of linguistic use especially in using discourse
marker of lexical phrase you know and I mean.
i
ABSTRAK
Harahap, Ahmad Fadli. Nomor Pendaftaran: 8146111002. Perbedaan
Gender dalam Menggunakan Penanda Wacana dari Frase leksikal You Know
dan I Mean Dalam Oprah Winfrey Show (Studi Kasus pada Topik yang
Khusus di Talk Show). Tesis. Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Sekolah
Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan, 2016.
Penelitian ini berkaitan dengan bahasa dan gender dalam analisis wacana. Tujuan
dari penelitian ini adalah: (1) Untuk menyelidiki fungsi perbedaan dari frase
leksikal you know dan I mean yang diucapkan oleh laki-laki kepada perempuan
dan perempuan kepada perempuan di Oprah Winfrey Show. (2) Untuk
mendeskripsikan konteks fungsi frase leksikal you know dan I mean yang
diucapkan oleh laki-laki kepada perempuan dan perempuan kepada perempuan
dalam Oprah Winfrey Show. Data diperoleh dari penanda wacana frase leksikal
you know dan I mean yang digunakan oleh laki-laki dan perempuan pada acara
Oprah Winfrey Show berdasarkan empat topik. Penelitian ini menggunakan
desain penelitian kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi non partisipan
dengan mengambil rekaman video dari you tube. Temuan penelitian ini
menunjukkan bahwa (1) laki-laki dan perempuan berbeda dalam penggunaan
Fungsi penanda wacana frase leksikal You Know dan I mean ketika mereka
berbicara dengan perempuan. (2) konteks penanda wacana frase leksikal you know
dan yang I mean direalisasikan dalam konteks linguistik dan konteks situasional.
Kedua konteks menyebabkan perbedaan penggunaan bahasa terutama dalam
menggunakan penanda wacana frase leksikal you know dan I mean.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENT
TABLE OF CONTENT ......................................................................................... i
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .........................................................................1
1.1 The Background of the Study ........................................................................... 1
1.2 The Problem of the Study ................................................................................. 6
1.3 The Objectives of the Study .............................................................................. 7
1.4 The Scope of the Study ..................................................................................... 7
1.5 The Significance of the Study ........................................................................... 8
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURES ...................................................9
A. Theoretical Framework ...................................................................................... 9
2.1. Gender .............................................................................................................. 9
2.2. Conversational Style……………………………...................................10
2.2.1. Gender Differences in Cnversational Styles ……………………..11
2.3. Discourse…………………………………………………………………….16
2.3.1 Discourse Analysis…………………………………………………...17
2.3.2. Types of Discourse……………………………………………….….18
2.3.3. Discourse Marker ............................................................................... .19
2.3.4. Features of discourse marker .............................................................. 21
2.3.5. The Function of Discourse Marker “you know” ................................. 24
2.3.6. The Function of Discourse Marker “I Mean” ..................................... 27
2.4 The Context on Discourse Analysis …………………………………………28
iii
2.4.1 Linguistic Context ..…………………………………………………29
2.4.2 Situational Context ……………………………………………………29
2.4.3 Cultural Context ………………………………………………………32
2.5. Talk Show……………………………………………………………….......33
B. Relevant Studies ............................................................................................... 34
C. Conceptual Framework .................................................................................... 37
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................41
3.1. Research Method ............................................................................................ 41
3.2. The Data and the Source of Data ................................................................... 41
3.3. The Technique and Instrument of Data Collection ........................................ 43
3.4 Trustworthiness of the Research ....................................................................44
3.5 The Technique for Analyzing the Data .......................................................... 47
CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS……49
4.1 Data Analysis………………………………………………………………...49
4.1.1 The Functions of Discourse Marker of Lexical
Phrase You Know and I Mean Occurred in Oprah
Winfrey Show……………………………………………………..49
4.1.1.1 Functions of lexical phrases you know occurred
in Oprah Winfrey Show……………………………………….49
4.1.1.1.1
Lexical or Content Search……………………….52
4.1.1.1.2
False start and repair…………………………….54
iv
4.1.1.1.3
Approximation…………………………………..55
4.1.1.1.4
Explanation………………………………………56
4.1.1.1.5
Quotative you know…………………………….57
4.1.1.1.6
Contrast or Disagreement……………………….58
4.1.1.1.7
Imagine the Scene……………………………….59
4.1.1.1.8
Reference to shared knowledge………………...61
4.1.1.1.9
Appeal to acknowledge that the
speaker is right…………………………………..62
4.1.1.1.10 Emphasizing…………………………................63
4.1.1.1.11 Conclusion………………………………………64
4.1.1.1.12 Topic Shift……………………………………….65
4.1.1.1.13 Non-Applicable function to the Data
(Additional Knowledge or Telling
following action)……………………………….66
4.1.1.1.14 Non-Applicable function to the Data
(Giving example)…………………………………67
4.1.1.1.15 Non-Applicable function to the Data
(Link alternatives)………………………………..68
4.1.1.2 Functions of lexical phrases I mean occurred
in Oprah Winfrey Show……………………………………69
v
4.1.1.2.1
Elaboration………………………………………..71
4.1.1.2.2
Repair or Modification……………………………72
4.1.1.2.3
Topic Shift………………………………………..74
4.1.1.2.4
Lexical Search…………………………………….75
4.1.1.2.5
Emphasizing………………………………………76
4.1.1.2.6
Explanation………………………………………..77
4.1.1.2.7
Non-Applicable function to the Data
(Additional Knowledge or Telling
Following Action)………………………………..78
4.1.1.2.8
Non-Applicable function to the Data
(Appeal to Acknowledge That the Speaker
is Right)…………………………………………..79
4.1.1.2.9
Non-Applicable function to
the Data (Consequence)………….……………….80
4.1.1.2.10 Non-Applicable function to the Data
(Continuing an opinion or answer)………………..81
4.1.1.2.11 Non-Applicable function to the Data
(Indirect Answer)…..………………………………82
4.1.1.2.12 Non-Applicable function to the Data
(Direct answer)……………………………………84
4.1.2. The Context of Lexical Phrases Function of
You Know and I Mean Used by Male to Female
and Female to Female were Realized in Oprah
Winfrey Show…………………………………………………….84
4.1.2.1
Linguistic Context………………………………………85
4.1.2.2
Situational Context …………………………………….87
4.2 Findings………………………………………………………..…………94
vi
4.3 Discussions………………………………………………………..……..96
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGGESTION…………………….101
REFERENCES………………………………………………………………...104
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………108
vii
LIST OF FIGURE
Page
Figure 3.1 Miles and Huberman Components Data Analysis:
Interactive Model……………………………………………………47
viii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix I The transcription of Oprah Winfrey Show and
the Data of Lexical phrase you know and I mean………………….100
Appendix II The function of discourse marker of lexical phrase
You Know Utilized by male to female in Oprah
Winfrey Show…………………………………………………….182
Appendix III The function of discourse marker of lexical phrase
You Know Utilized by female to female in Oprah
Winfrey Show…………………………………………………….194
Appendix IV The function of discourse marker of lexical phrase
I Mean Utilized by male to female in Oprah
Winfrey Show…………………………………………………….204
Appendix V The function of discourse marker of lexical phrase
I Mean Utilized by female to female in Oprah
Winfrey Show…………………………………………………….209
ix
101
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGGESTION
1.1 CONCLUSION
This research was concerned on the function of discourse marker
of lexical phrases You Know and I Mean in Oprah Winfrey Show based on
case study in four topics of talk show. After all data have been analyzed,
the conclusion can be stated as the following:
1. The function of discourse marker of lexical phrase You Know utilized
by male talked to female are for lexical or content search, false start or
repair, approximation, explanation, quotative You Know, contrast or
disagreement, imagine the scene, reference to shared knowledge,
appeal to acknowledge that the speaker is right, emphasizing,
conclusion, topic shift, giving example and alternative link.
Meanwhile, The function of discourse marker of lexical phrase You
Know utilized by female talked to female are for lexical or content
search, false start or repair, explanation, quotative You Know, contrast
or disagreement, imagine the scene, reference to shared knowledge,
appeal to acknowledge that the speaker is right, emphasizing,
conclusion, topic shift, and additional knowledge or telling following
action. Moreover, The function of discourse marker of lexical phrase I
Mean utilized by male talked to female are for elaboration, repair or
modification, topic shift, lexical search, explanation, consequence and
101
102
continuing an opinion or answer. Meanwhile, The function of
discourse marker of lexical phrase I Mean utilized by female talked to
female are for elaboration, repair or modification, topic shift, lexical
search, emphasizing, and explanation additional knowledge or telling
following action, appeal to acknowledge that the speaker is right ,
indirect and direct answer. Moreover, both of them utilized dominantly
discourse marker of lexical phrase You Know for reference to shared
knowledge and I Mean for elaboration.
2. The context of discourse marker of lexical phrase You Know and I
Mean were realized in linguistic context and situational context. Both
contexts caused the difference of linguistic use especially in using
discourse marker of lexical phrase You Know and I Mean.
1.2 SUGGESTIONS
Considering the results of the research which have been derived, the
researcher offers some suggestions as follow:
1. It is suggested for other researcher to study about discourse and pragmatic
to analyze the utterances or language used by male and female.
2. It is suggested for other researcher who want to elaborate the study about
discourse marker to do the research in other fields, such us in Indonesian
talk show or even in teaching and learning process or in different kinds of
discourse marker.
103
3. It is suggested for the students who want to study about the theory of
discourse marker (the functions of discourse marker of lexical phrase You
Know and I Mean and the context which the discourse markers were
applied) in social interaction.
LEXICAL PHRASES YOU KNOW AND I MEAN IN OPRAH WINFREY
SHOW
(A CASE STUDY OF SPECIAL TOPICS OF TALK SHOW)
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
AHMAD FADLI HARAHAP
Registration Number: 8146111002
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
MEDAN
2016
ABSTRACT
Harahap, Ahmad Fadli. Registration Number: 8146111002. Gender
Differences in Using Discourse Marker of Lexical Phrase You Know and I
Mean In Oprah Winfrey Show (A Case Study Of Special Topics Of Talk
Show). Thesis. English applied linguistics study program Postgraduate
School State University of Medan. 2016.
This research dealt with language and gender in discourse analysis. The objectives
of this study were: (1) To investigate the difference function of lexical phrases you
know and I mean utilized by male to female and female to female in Oprah
Winfrey Show. (2) To describe the context of the function of lexical phrases you
know and I mean by male to female and female to female are realized in Oprah
Winfrey Show. The data were obtained from the discourse marker of lexical
phrase you know and I mean of male and female in Oprah Winfrey Show based on
four topics of talk show. This research applied qualitative research design. The
data were collected through non participant observation by taking video recording
from you tube. The findings of this study showed that (1) Male and female
utilized differently discourse marker of lexical phrase You Know and I Mean when
they talked to female. (2) The context of discourse marker of lexical phrase you
know and I mean were realized in linguistic context and situational context. Both
contexts caused the difference of linguistic use especially in using discourse
marker of lexical phrase you know and I mean.
i
ABSTRAK
Harahap, Ahmad Fadli. Nomor Pendaftaran: 8146111002. Perbedaan
Gender dalam Menggunakan Penanda Wacana dari Frase leksikal You Know
dan I Mean Dalam Oprah Winfrey Show (Studi Kasus pada Topik yang
Khusus di Talk Show). Tesis. Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Sekolah
Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan, 2016.
Penelitian ini berkaitan dengan bahasa dan gender dalam analisis wacana. Tujuan
dari penelitian ini adalah: (1) Untuk menyelidiki fungsi perbedaan dari frase
leksikal you know dan I mean yang diucapkan oleh laki-laki kepada perempuan
dan perempuan kepada perempuan di Oprah Winfrey Show. (2) Untuk
mendeskripsikan konteks fungsi frase leksikal you know dan I mean yang
diucapkan oleh laki-laki kepada perempuan dan perempuan kepada perempuan
dalam Oprah Winfrey Show. Data diperoleh dari penanda wacana frase leksikal
you know dan I mean yang digunakan oleh laki-laki dan perempuan pada acara
Oprah Winfrey Show berdasarkan empat topik. Penelitian ini menggunakan
desain penelitian kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi non partisipan
dengan mengambil rekaman video dari you tube. Temuan penelitian ini
menunjukkan bahwa (1) laki-laki dan perempuan berbeda dalam penggunaan
Fungsi penanda wacana frase leksikal You Know dan I mean ketika mereka
berbicara dengan perempuan. (2) konteks penanda wacana frase leksikal you know
dan yang I mean direalisasikan dalam konteks linguistik dan konteks situasional.
Kedua konteks menyebabkan perbedaan penggunaan bahasa terutama dalam
menggunakan penanda wacana frase leksikal you know dan I mean.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENT
TABLE OF CONTENT ......................................................................................... i
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .........................................................................1
1.1 The Background of the Study ........................................................................... 1
1.2 The Problem of the Study ................................................................................. 6
1.3 The Objectives of the Study .............................................................................. 7
1.4 The Scope of the Study ..................................................................................... 7
1.5 The Significance of the Study ........................................................................... 8
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURES ...................................................9
A. Theoretical Framework ...................................................................................... 9
2.1. Gender .............................................................................................................. 9
2.2. Conversational Style……………………………...................................10
2.2.1. Gender Differences in Cnversational Styles ……………………..11
2.3. Discourse…………………………………………………………………….16
2.3.1 Discourse Analysis…………………………………………………...17
2.3.2. Types of Discourse……………………………………………….….18
2.3.3. Discourse Marker ............................................................................... .19
2.3.4. Features of discourse marker .............................................................. 21
2.3.5. The Function of Discourse Marker “you know” ................................. 24
2.3.6. The Function of Discourse Marker “I Mean” ..................................... 27
2.4 The Context on Discourse Analysis …………………………………………28
iii
2.4.1 Linguistic Context ..…………………………………………………29
2.4.2 Situational Context ……………………………………………………29
2.4.3 Cultural Context ………………………………………………………32
2.5. Talk Show……………………………………………………………….......33
B. Relevant Studies ............................................................................................... 34
C. Conceptual Framework .................................................................................... 37
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................41
3.1. Research Method ............................................................................................ 41
3.2. The Data and the Source of Data ................................................................... 41
3.3. The Technique and Instrument of Data Collection ........................................ 43
3.4 Trustworthiness of the Research ....................................................................44
3.5 The Technique for Analyzing the Data .......................................................... 47
CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS……49
4.1 Data Analysis………………………………………………………………...49
4.1.1 The Functions of Discourse Marker of Lexical
Phrase You Know and I Mean Occurred in Oprah
Winfrey Show……………………………………………………..49
4.1.1.1 Functions of lexical phrases you know occurred
in Oprah Winfrey Show……………………………………….49
4.1.1.1.1
Lexical or Content Search……………………….52
4.1.1.1.2
False start and repair…………………………….54
iv
4.1.1.1.3
Approximation…………………………………..55
4.1.1.1.4
Explanation………………………………………56
4.1.1.1.5
Quotative you know…………………………….57
4.1.1.1.6
Contrast or Disagreement……………………….58
4.1.1.1.7
Imagine the Scene……………………………….59
4.1.1.1.8
Reference to shared knowledge………………...61
4.1.1.1.9
Appeal to acknowledge that the
speaker is right…………………………………..62
4.1.1.1.10 Emphasizing…………………………................63
4.1.1.1.11 Conclusion………………………………………64
4.1.1.1.12 Topic Shift……………………………………….65
4.1.1.1.13 Non-Applicable function to the Data
(Additional Knowledge or Telling
following action)……………………………….66
4.1.1.1.14 Non-Applicable function to the Data
(Giving example)…………………………………67
4.1.1.1.15 Non-Applicable function to the Data
(Link alternatives)………………………………..68
4.1.1.2 Functions of lexical phrases I mean occurred
in Oprah Winfrey Show……………………………………69
v
4.1.1.2.1
Elaboration………………………………………..71
4.1.1.2.2
Repair or Modification……………………………72
4.1.1.2.3
Topic Shift………………………………………..74
4.1.1.2.4
Lexical Search…………………………………….75
4.1.1.2.5
Emphasizing………………………………………76
4.1.1.2.6
Explanation………………………………………..77
4.1.1.2.7
Non-Applicable function to the Data
(Additional Knowledge or Telling
Following Action)………………………………..78
4.1.1.2.8
Non-Applicable function to the Data
(Appeal to Acknowledge That the Speaker
is Right)…………………………………………..79
4.1.1.2.9
Non-Applicable function to
the Data (Consequence)………….……………….80
4.1.1.2.10 Non-Applicable function to the Data
(Continuing an opinion or answer)………………..81
4.1.1.2.11 Non-Applicable function to the Data
(Indirect Answer)…..………………………………82
4.1.1.2.12 Non-Applicable function to the Data
(Direct answer)……………………………………84
4.1.2. The Context of Lexical Phrases Function of
You Know and I Mean Used by Male to Female
and Female to Female were Realized in Oprah
Winfrey Show…………………………………………………….84
4.1.2.1
Linguistic Context………………………………………85
4.1.2.2
Situational Context …………………………………….87
4.2 Findings………………………………………………………..…………94
vi
4.3 Discussions………………………………………………………..……..96
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGGESTION…………………….101
REFERENCES………………………………………………………………...104
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………108
vii
LIST OF FIGURE
Page
Figure 3.1 Miles and Huberman Components Data Analysis:
Interactive Model……………………………………………………47
viii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix I The transcription of Oprah Winfrey Show and
the Data of Lexical phrase you know and I mean………………….100
Appendix II The function of discourse marker of lexical phrase
You Know Utilized by male to female in Oprah
Winfrey Show…………………………………………………….182
Appendix III The function of discourse marker of lexical phrase
You Know Utilized by female to female in Oprah
Winfrey Show…………………………………………………….194
Appendix IV The function of discourse marker of lexical phrase
I Mean Utilized by male to female in Oprah
Winfrey Show…………………………………………………….204
Appendix V The function of discourse marker of lexical phrase
I Mean Utilized by female to female in Oprah
Winfrey Show…………………………………………………….209
ix
101
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGGESTION
1.1 CONCLUSION
This research was concerned on the function of discourse marker
of lexical phrases You Know and I Mean in Oprah Winfrey Show based on
case study in four topics of talk show. After all data have been analyzed,
the conclusion can be stated as the following:
1. The function of discourse marker of lexical phrase You Know utilized
by male talked to female are for lexical or content search, false start or
repair, approximation, explanation, quotative You Know, contrast or
disagreement, imagine the scene, reference to shared knowledge,
appeal to acknowledge that the speaker is right, emphasizing,
conclusion, topic shift, giving example and alternative link.
Meanwhile, The function of discourse marker of lexical phrase You
Know utilized by female talked to female are for lexical or content
search, false start or repair, explanation, quotative You Know, contrast
or disagreement, imagine the scene, reference to shared knowledge,
appeal to acknowledge that the speaker is right, emphasizing,
conclusion, topic shift, and additional knowledge or telling following
action. Moreover, The function of discourse marker of lexical phrase I
Mean utilized by male talked to female are for elaboration, repair or
modification, topic shift, lexical search, explanation, consequence and
101
102
continuing an opinion or answer. Meanwhile, The function of
discourse marker of lexical phrase I Mean utilized by female talked to
female are for elaboration, repair or modification, topic shift, lexical
search, emphasizing, and explanation additional knowledge or telling
following action, appeal to acknowledge that the speaker is right ,
indirect and direct answer. Moreover, both of them utilized dominantly
discourse marker of lexical phrase You Know for reference to shared
knowledge and I Mean for elaboration.
2. The context of discourse marker of lexical phrase You Know and I
Mean were realized in linguistic context and situational context. Both
contexts caused the difference of linguistic use especially in using
discourse marker of lexical phrase You Know and I Mean.
1.2 SUGGESTIONS
Considering the results of the research which have been derived, the
researcher offers some suggestions as follow:
1. It is suggested for other researcher to study about discourse and pragmatic
to analyze the utterances or language used by male and female.
2. It is suggested for other researcher who want to elaborate the study about
discourse marker to do the research in other fields, such us in Indonesian
talk show or even in teaching and learning process or in different kinds of
discourse marker.
103
3. It is suggested for the students who want to study about the theory of
discourse marker (the functions of discourse marker of lexical phrase You
Know and I Mean and the context which the discourse markers were
applied) in social interaction.