An Analysis Of Expressive Illocutionary Acts In The Oprah Winfrey Show

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AN ANALYSIS OF EXPRESSIVE ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS IN THE OPRAH WINFREY SHOW

A THESIS

M. HARYADI SYAHPUTRA REG.NO. 100705095

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

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Approved by THE ENGLISH DEPARTMENT OF FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA (USU) MEDAN as a thesis for THE SARJANA SASTRA EXAMINATION

Head, Secretary,

Dr. H. MuhizarMuchtar, M.S. RahmadsyahRangkuti, M.A Ph.D NIP. 19541117 198003 1 002 NIP. 197502092008121002

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Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of SarjanaSastra from the English Department, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara.

The examination is held in the Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on Saturday April 25, 2015.

The Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara

Dr. H. SyahronLubis, MA NIP. 19511013 197603 001

Board of Examiners

Dr. H. MuhijarMuchtar, MS ……….

RahmadsyahRangkuti, MA. Ph.D ……….

Dr.EdySetia, M. Ed. TESD Dr. H. SyahronLubis, MA Dr. Deliana, M. Hum

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I M. HARYADI SYAHPUTRA DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCES IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTEHR DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THE THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed:

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NAME : M. HARYADI SYAHPUTRA

TITLE OF THESIS : AN ANALYSIS OF EXPRESSIVE ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS IN THE OPRAH WINFREY SHOW

QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCREATION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

Signed :

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ABSTRAK

Skripsiiniberjudul “An Analysis of Expressive Illocutionary Acts in the Oprah

Winfrey Show: A pragmatic Study”.

Pemilihanjudulinididasarkanpadakesadaranpentingnyamemahamipenggunaanbahasa yang digunakan Oprah Winfrey dan J.K. Rowling di dalamOprah Winfrey

Show.Skripsiinimembahastindakilokusiekspresif yang

termasukdalamanalisisprakmatikpadaujaran-ujarandalamtalk showtersebutdiatas. Dari beberapateorispeech act yang telahditemukanolehbeberapaahli, sepertiteori Yule, teori Austin, teoriPeccei, dan lain-lain, teori Searle

telahdipilihuntukdigunakandalamskripsiini. Dalamskripsiini, studikepustakaandigunakanyaknidenganmengumpulkanbahan literature

sepertibuku-buku, jurnal-jurnal linguistic danskripsi yang berkaitandenganjudul di

atas.Bahan-bahan literature

tersebutkemudiandipelajariuntukdapatditerapkandalammencariujaran-ujaranlangsungdari talk show tersebut. Dari analisistersebut, diperoleh 44 tindakilokusiekspresif yang ditemukandalam talk show tersebutdenganpengklasifikasiansebagaiberikut: expressives for thank 3 (6,81%), expressives for congratulation 14 (31,81%), expressives for whises 4 (9,09%), danexpressives for attitudes 24 (52,27%) sementaraduatipelainnyayaitu, expressives

for apologiesdanexpressives for greetingstidakterklasifikasi.

Sedangkandalamhalpengaplikasiannyadiperolehsebagaiberikut: literal direct 37

(84,09%), literal direct + non literal direct 4 (9,09%), danliteral direct+ nonliteral direct 3 (6,81%).

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ABSTACT

This thesis is entitled “An Analysis of Expressive Illocutionary Acts in the Oprah Winfrey Show: A pragmatic Study”. The selection of the title is based on the consideration of the importance of understanding the language used by Oprah Winfrey and J.K. Rowling in Oprah Winfrey Show. This thesis discuss about

expressives illocutionary acts that includes to pragmatics analysis of utterances used in aforementioned talk show. From several theory of speech act that is found by experts, such as Yule’s theory, Austin’s theory, Peccei’s theory etc., Searle’s theory has been selected to be used in this thesis. In this thesis, library research is used in collecting literary material such as books, linguistic journals, and thesis related to the title. Then, the materials are studied to be applied in searching for direct utterances in the talk show. From the result of the analysis, 44 expressives illocution have been found in the talk show that can be classified as follow: expressives for thank 3 (6,81%), expressives for congratulation 14 (31,81%), expressives for whises 4 (9,09%), and expressives for attitudes 24 (52,27%), while the other two types which

are expressives for apologies and expressives for greetings cannot be classified. The

application resulting this: literal direct 37 (84,09%), literal direct + non literal direct

4 (9,09%), and literal direct+ nonliteral direct 3 (6,81%).

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR DECLARATION COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study………...1

1.2 Problem of the Study……….4

1.3 Objectives of the Study………..4

1.4 Scope of the Study……….5

1.5 Significances of the Study……….6

CHAPTET II RIVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 The Understanding of Pragmatic………7

2.1.1 The Relationship between Pragmatics and Semantics…9 2.1.2 Context in Pragmatics………12

2.1.3 Goals of Pragmatic Theory………14

2.2 The Overview of Speech acts………...15

2.2.1 Speech Acts………...15

2.2.2 Types of Speech Acts………16

2.3 Understanding of Illocutionary Act………..18

2.3.1 The Defenition of Illocutionary act………...18

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2.3.3 The Classification of Illocutionary Acts………....22 2.4 Relevant Studies………...26

CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1. Research Design………..29 3.2 Data and Data Source………...30 3.3. Data Collection………31

CHAPTER IV THE ANALYSIS OF EXPRESSIVE ILLOCUTIONARY ACT IN THE OPRAH WINFRET SHOW

4.1 The Six Types of Expressive Illocutionary Acts……….33 4.2 Ways of Performing Expressive Illocutionary Acts..…..39 4.3 The Table of Analysis Result………….………..46

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions………..48

5.2 Suggestions………...49

REFERENCES APPENDIX

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ABSTRAK

Skripsiiniberjudul “An Analysis of Expressive Illocutionary Acts in the Oprah

Winfrey Show: A pragmatic Study”.

Pemilihanjudulinididasarkanpadakesadaranpentingnyamemahamipenggunaanbahasa yang digunakan Oprah Winfrey dan J.K. Rowling di dalamOprah Winfrey

Show.Skripsiinimembahastindakilokusiekspresif yang

telahdipilihuntukdigunakandalamskripsiini. Dalamskripsiini, studikepustakaandigunakanyaknidenganmengumpulkanbahan literature

sepertibuku-buku, jurnal-jurnal linguistic danskripsi yang berkaitandenganjudul di

atas.Bahan-bahan literature

for apologiesdanexpressives for greetingstidakterklasifikasi.

Sedangkandalamhalpengaplikasiannyadiperolehsebagaiberikut: literal direct 37

(84,09%), literal direct + non literal direct 4 (9,09%), danliteral direct+ nonliteral direct 3 (6,81%).

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ABSTACT

are expressives for apologies and expressives for greetings cannot be classified. The

application resulting this: literal direct 37 (84,09%), literal direct + non literal direct

4 (9,09%), and literal direct+ nonliteral direct 3 (6,81%).

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

I.1 Background of the Study

Human beings can communicate with each other. We are able to exchange knowledge, beliefs, opinions, wishes, threats, commands, thanks, promises, declarations, and feelings. We can laugh to express amusement, happiness, or disrespect, we can smile to express amusement, pleasure, approval, or bitter feelings, we can shriek to express anger, excitement, or fear, we can clench our fists to express determination, anger or a threat, we can raise our eyebrows to express surprise or disapproval, and so on, but our system of communication before anything else is language.

Language is a link between thought and sound, and is a means for thought to be expressed as sound. Thoughts have to become ordered, and sounds have to be articulated, for language to occur. Saussure (1916) says that language is really a borderland between thought and sound, where thought and sound combine to provide communication.

Language is an exclusively human property. Language is a system of signs that evolves from the activity of speech. By language people can express their ideas what in their mind including express feelings with the other people. We cannot deny that we need language for getting, giving, or searching information to broaden our knowledge. Therefore, language is the most important tool for human being as a system of communication to share and associate with each other.

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Lado (1962:2) says, “Language is primarily an instrument of communication among human beings in a community.” It is clear that language as a tool of communication. It means speakers using language to deliver messages from theirmind to the hearer or from the writer to the reader. In addition, people can put forward their ideas, either spoken or in written. Language is considered to be a product of social contact.

Linguistics is the scientific study of human’s language. Pragmatics, as a branch of linguistics, plays its role to study about the meaning of language and its relation to the context. Yule (1996:3) says that pragmatic is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader). It has, consequently, more to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by themselves.

Yule (1996:47) says that actions performed via utterances are generally called speech acts. A speech act is an utterance that serves a function in communication. We perform speech acts when we offer an apology, greeting, request, complaint, invitation, compliment, or refusal.Yule (1996:48) describes three kinds of speech acts, there are locution, illocution and perlocution. Locution is the actual form of words used by the speaker and their semantic meaning.The illocution is an act performed by saying something. It is what the speaker is doing by uttering those words: commanding, offering, promising, threatening, thanking, etc.perlocution is the third part of speech act which is distinctive from two other kinds of speech act, it is the act that produces effects on the hearer or defined by the hearer’s reaction to the speaker utterance.

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There are five types of general functions performed by speech acts (Yule 1996:53). They are declarations, representatives, expressives, directives and commissives. Declarations are those kinds of speech acts that change the world via their utterance. It brings extra linguistic state of affairs into existence, as we declare war, appoint, veto and so forth. Representatives are those kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker believes to be the case or not. Expressives are those kinds of speech acts that state what the speakers feel. Directives are those kinds of speech acts that speakers use to get someone to do something. Commissives are those kinds of speech acts that speakers use to commit themselves to some future action.

More deeply Yule says expressive illocution describes and expresses psychological state of the speaker. It can be statement of pleasure, pain, likes, dislikes, joy, or sorrow. In other words, expressives more concern with a feeling and behavior. For example : “I’m really sorry!”, “Congratulations!”.

The point of interest of this research is The Oprah Winfrey Show, which was the highest-rated program of its kind in history and was nationally syndicated from 1986 to 2011. Especially, inThe Oprah Winfrey Show (10/03/2010) with J.K Rowling. Oprah Gail Winfrey is more widely known as Oprah.Dubbed the "Queen of All Media", she has been ranked the richest African-American of the 20th century, the greatest black philanthropist in American history, and is currently North America's only black billionaire. She is also, according to some assessments, the most influential woman in the world. In 2013, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama and an honorary doctorate degree from Harvard.

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I.2 Problem of the Study

The problems will be analyzed in this thesis are as follows:

1. How many expressive illocutionary acts exist inThe Oprah Winfrey Show (10/03/2010)?

2. Which type of expressive illocutionary acts is the most dominant appearedin The Oprah Winfrey Show (10/03/2010)?

I.3 Objectives of the Study

Based on the problem of the analysis above, I expect some objectives as follows:

1. To find out the number of expressive illocutionary acts in The Oprah Winfrey Show (10/03/2010).

2. To determine the most dominant of expressive illocutionary acts in The Oprah Winfrey Show (10/03/2010).

I.4 Scope of the Study

Pragmatic is the base of this thesis in which the analysis unit of pragmatic is speech act. According to the theory of and Searle (1975)Yule (1996), there are five types of general functions performed by speech acts: Declarations, Representatives, Expressives, Directives and Commissives.

The writer believes that there are many important aspects of The Oprah Winfrey Show (10/03/2010) that can be discussed especially in expressive analysis. It is very important for me to make the limitation in the analysis to get understanding on the problem discussed. I limit the analysis and focus it on the expressive one.

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I.5 Significances of the Study

This thesis is expected to give some significances, this study is considered important as it provides the readers easy understanding about speech acts, especially in the expressive one. On the other word, this thesis is expected to be able to give something new to enrich the expressive analysis study. It will be useful for teaching of pragmatics and reference for the readers who are interested in analyzing the same case.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 The Understanding of Pragmatic

According to Yule (1995: 4), pragmatics is the study of language from the point of view of the users, especially of the choices they make, the constraints they encounter in using language in social interaction and the effects their use of language has on the other participants in an act of communication. Pragmatics is about how people understand other’s thought and idea which are expressed through verbal communication.

Furthermore, Mey (1993:42) stated that pragmatics is the study of the conditions of human language uses as these are determined by the context of society. Levinson (1996:21), added that pragmatics is the study ofthe relations between language and context that are basic to an account of language understanding. So pragmatics can be defined as a study talking about the relationship between language and context, in which the contextual meaning of an utterance can be different from the grammatical meaning.

From the definition above, we can conclude that pragmatics is a branch of linguistics which concerns with language use in context and the study of meaningrelated to the context or situation. It explains the way language use understood wellafter connecting it to the situation where, when and by whom it is uttered.

Yule (1996: 3) explains Pragmatics is branch of Linguistics that is concerned with the study of meaning as communication by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted

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by a listener (or reader). It has consequently, more to do with the analysis of what people meant by their utterances might mean by themselves. Yule (1996: 3) explains Pragmatics as below:

1) Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning. 2) Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning.

3) Pragmatics is the study of how more gets communicated than is said. 4) Pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative distance.

Basically, pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (writer) and interpreted by a listener (reader). Therefore, pragmatics focuses on what people mean by their utterances might mean by themselves. In other words, pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning. The term of pragmatics also focuses on the ability or proficiency to make a use of language that relates with determinant factors of communicative acts. It means pragmatic discussed the structure and the form of language to the context situation and at the same time is closely related to the atmosphere of hearer, speaker and surroundings.

Through pragmatics, one can understand the real meaning of an utterance, the motivation of someone to say something by its relation to the context. Actually, basedon the definition of pragmatics, we can explore some understanding about the factswith which pragmatics deals:

1) Facts about the objective facts of the utterance: who the speaker is, when theutterance happened, and where;

2) Facts about the speaker’s intention. What language the speaker intends to use, what meaning he intends to be using.

3) Facts about beliefs of the speaker and those to whom he speaks and what are they talking about.

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(As quoted from www.wikipedia.org) Pragmatics studies the ability of natural language speakers to communicate more than that which is explicitly stated. Another perspective is that pragmatics deals with the ways we reach our goal in communication. Pragmatics explains language use in context. It seeks to explain aspects of meaning which cannot be found in the plain sense of words or structures, as explained by semantics. As a field of language study, pragmatics is fairly new. Its origins lie in philosophy of language and the American philosophical school of pragmatism. Pragmatics is regarded as one of the most challenging aspects for language learners to grasp, and can only truly be learned with experience.

2.1.1 The Relationship between Pragmatics and Semantics

Semantics and pragmatics are both related to the way meaning is derived from language. Semantics studies the meaning that words and certain combinations of words hold for both the speaker and listener. Pragmatics deals with how the context in which words are used can dictate their true meaning at that particular time. Semantics and pragmatics are closely related as they both are attempts to understand the meaning of language beyond the literal definition of words.

Pragmatics and semantics are two branches of linguistics that discussed the same field namely meaning.Both deal with the meaning of words that uttered byhuman being in their own language, but it is important to make a clear distinctionbetween them so that there is no more misunderstanding about the study object of the two linguistics’ branches.

Theories of semantics attempt to describe the meaning of words and how they can change in different situations. There is a denotation for every word that is

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its direct or literal meaning, but words can also have connotation, or implied meaning. Some words or phrases create a feeling that goes beyond literal meaning.

Pragmatics is a way of looking at how communication goes beyond what is literally said. For instance, if someone speaks with a tone of sarcasm, the overall meaning that is communicated by what they are saying is completely different than what the words alone would mean. People often misunderstand words that are taken out of context. This too is a part of pragmatics, as the meaning that is communicated changes depending on the context in which it is used.

For more understanding about the distinction between pragmatics and semantics, let us see some examples below:

a) “I have no money.”

Semantically, this sentence is a statement to inform that the speaker has no money. But, pragmatically, it is a request. It means that the speaker asks someone as the hearer to treat the speaker.

b) “Don’t make a noise”

Base on semantically, this utterance means, the speaker inform that the hearer so noisy. But, it would means opposite to the semantic meaning when it was happened in the class, when the teacher (speaker) explain the subject, the sentence “Don’t make a noise” means the teacher ask the student to silent.

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Semantically, this sentence is a statement to inform that the hearer has a pretty smile. But, based on pragmatics, it is a praising. It means that the speaker try to seduce the hearer.

It can be difficult to distinguish between semantics and pragmatics because they cover such similar concepts. Much communication takes place outside of what is literally spoken because connotation, context, and tone all play a part in how words are interpreted. Semantics and pragmatics are both attempts to understand how people process and use these functions of language as part of the overall communication process. Semantics and pragmatics work together to decipher the complex process of communication through language.

2.1.2 Context in Pragmatics

Context and Pragmatics are two influentially interrelated concepts, that context is required to realize language use in pragmatic perspective. Context, as a dynamic environment enables interlocutors to interact in accordance to both persons‟ socio-cultural background. In addition, context helps understand factors in producing, and interpreting speech oriented in users.

Linguists consider context in comprehending the meaning of the sentence. In refer to context as an important aspect to interpret meaning. Fillmore (1977:119) quotes, “The task is to determine what we can know about the meaning and context of an utterance given only the knowledge that the utterance has occurred. I find that whenever I notice some sentences in context, I immediately find myself asking what the effect would have been if the context ( who speaks, to whom, what purpose, how a speaker says, when, and where aspects) had been slightly different.” The statement explains that context influences meaning, that when a context changes, meaning may

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change as well.The following sentence: “What time is it?” may have different meanings as it relates to different contexts, as follows.

1) The speaker produces interrogative sentence that asks the time to the hearer. The speakers or interlocutors are probably friends who start leaving for campus;

2) The speaker expresses annoyance to ahearer, who probably comes late to an appointment; and

3) the speaker remembers that it’s time for her/him to go home.

As context is one aspect of several related aspects in Pragmatics, one must learn context being at work in speech situation. The speech situation calls for aspects of the followings:

1) Addressers and addressees, speakers (writers) and hearers (readers), which these terms do not restrict pragmatics to the spoken language. Addressers are persons produce utterances, and addressees are persons to whom the utterances are addressed;

2) Context of utterance which includes relevant aspects of the physical or social setting of an utterance, which Leech refers to any background knowledge assumed to be shared by speaker and hearer which contributes to interpretation of what speaker means by a given utterance;

3) Goals of utterance, which means function of an utterance which explains the speaker’s intention in producing utterance;

4) The utterance as a form of act or activity called a speech act; and 5) The utterance as a product of a verbal act.

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1) Physical Context: Where the conversation takes place, what objects are present and what action are taking place.

2) Epistemic Context: The background knowledge shared by the speakers and the hearers.

3) Linguistic Context: It is concerned with sentence or utterances preceding a certain sentence utterance in communication event.

4) Social Context: Concerned with social relation and setting background that complete the relationship between speakers and hearers.

2.1.3 Goals of Pragmatic Theory

Akmajian, 1980 (in Risana, 2005:13) summarizes the minimal requirements on an adequate pragmatics theory as follows:

a). A pragmatic theory must contain a classification of speech acts

b). A pragmatic theory must contain analysis and definitions of various speech acts. c). A pragmatic theory must contain a specification of various uses of expression, it

must be said that :

i. Expression e is standardly (literally and directly) used to do x (in context c). ii. Expression e has n different uses.

iii. Expression e has e’ have the same use or uses

d). A pragmatic theory must relate literal and direct language use to such phenomena as :

i. Linguistic structure (semantic, syntax, phonology)

ii. The structure of the communication, the course of conversation. And social institution.

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iii. Speaker meaning, implication, (pragmatics) presupposition and understanding.

In pursuing these pragmatic goals over the last ten years, there are five disciplines have been interested, they are philosophy, linguistics, psychology, sociology and anthropology (Akmajian (1980). Philosophers have been mainly concerned with the categorizing types of speech acts and defining each category. Linguistics concern with specifying expressions in the language have which uses or conditions on uses. Psychologist has evaluated this investigation of how information concerning language use in processed, store, and acquired. Finally, anthropologist and sociologist concerned with regularities between language use and social role, as well as the structuring of speech acts into conversation, in short, goal.

From the explanation above, we may see that a successful pragmatics will require the cooperation of many disciplines.

2.2 The Overview of Speech Act 2.2.1 Speech Acts

Yule (1996:47) proposes that speech acts is performed action via utterance. Speech act is a theory which analyses the role of utterance in relation to the behavior of speaker and listener in interpersonal communication. In brief when speakers are saying words, they not only produce utterance containing words and grammatical structure, but they also perform action in those utterances.

Speech act theory was first develoved by J.L. Austin in a series of lecturer at Oxford University. His book How to Do Thing with words, is the first to introduce

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performatives. A speech act is the action performed by language to modify the state of the object on which the action is performed.

In order to define performatives, Austin refers to those sentences which conform to the old prejudice in that they are used to describe or constate something, and which thus are true or false; and he calls such sentences "constatives". In contrast to them, Austin (1962:5) defines "performatives" as follows:

1) Performative utterances are not true or false, that is, not truth-evaluable; instead when something is wrong with them then they are "unhappy", while if nothing is wrong they are "happy".

2) The uttering of a performative is, or is part of, the doing of a certain kind of action (Austin later deals with them under the name illocutionary acts), the performance of which, again, would not normally be described as just "saying" or "describing" something.

2.2.2 Types of Speech Acts

Austin in Yule (1996:48) described kinds of acts, they are locutionary act, illocutionary act and Perlocutionary act. As explain below:

1. Locutionary act

Locutionary act is the basic of utterance that is producing a meaningful linguistics expression. In performing a locutionary act, a speaker uses an identifiable expression, consisting of a sentence or fragment of sentence from language.

2. Illocutionary act

Illocutionary act is an act of doing something; it is uttered by the speaker that is not only to say or state something but also it is used to ask someone else to

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do something. In utterance, speaker performs an illocutionary act in using a particular locution to refer. Such utterance has illocutionary act force of a statement, a confirming, a denial, a prediction, a promise, a request, etc. 3. Perlocutionary act.

Perlocutionary act is an act that is uttered to affect the listener. An utterance that is uttered by someone often has effect to the listener. Which can be expected or unexpected affect that created by the speaker. So, in other word, a perlocution is listener behavioral response to the meaning of the utterance, not necessarily physical or verbal response, perhaps merely a mental or emotional response.

There is an example of speech acts. A child refuse to lie down and go to sleep, then his mother says, “I’ll turn your light off”. The locutionary act is utterance of this sentence “I’ll turn your light off”. However, the mother may be intending that the utterance to be interpreted as a threat. The threat here is the illocutionary acts. It means that child does not sleep, his mother will turn off the light. As consequence behavior of that child, he must be frightened into silence and sleep is Perlocutionary act.

2.3 Understanding of Illocutionary Act 2.3.1 The Defenition of Illocutionary act

This research emphasizes on one of the speech acts, the illocutionary acts. According to Austin in Carrol (1999:140), the illocutionary acts is “the action that is performed by saying the sentence”. However, this research only use the theory of illocutionary act from Searle because the fact that this person has been successful in developing this theory, which is originally from Austin. According to

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Hallion(2001:13), to give a better understanding about illocutionary acts, Searle contrast it with Perlocutionary acts. In this explanation, an illocutionary acts “ a linguistics acts performed in uttering certain words in a given context” while a Perlocutionary acts is” a non-linguistics act performed as a consequence of performing the locution and illocutionary acts”. For example, the utterance “Good Morning” is the illocutionary acts of greeting, this illocutionary acts effects on the listener’s perception to bring a Perlocutionary acts replying “Good Morning”. In this research, the researcher use illocutionary acts further development.

Illocutionary acts have three important characteristics (Akmajian 1980, in Wahyuni, 2005:18), they are :

1. Illocutionary acts can often be successfully performed simply by uttering the right explicit performative sentence with the right intention and believe and under right circumstances.

2. Illocutionary acts are the central to linguistic communication. Our normal conversations are composed in large part of statements, requesting, ordering, greeting and so forth. The performed acts aregoverned by rules. When one does perform perlocutionary acts of persuading, one does so by performing illocutionary act of stating or informing.

3. The most important characteristic possessed by illocutionary acts used to communicative have the feature that one performs them successfully simply by getting one’s illocutionary intention recognized.

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Speech acts in general, and illocutionary acts in particular can be performed in variety of ways. According to Akmajian et.al, (1980) there are some ways of performing of speech acts:

1. Literal Act, happens if the speaker means what he says in his utterances. 2. Non Literal Act is the contradiction of literal act where the speaker does not

mean what he says.

3. Direct Act, is when a speaker does not perform that act by means of performing any other act.

4. Indirect Act, happen when a speaker performs that act by means of performing another speech act.

In communicating, sometimes we find a speaker says an utterance to hearer, but the hearer cannot understand what a speaker intend to. It may be possible for a speaker to state something successfully but still fail as communication. The reason for that may be the hearer asleep, the hearer not know what the words mean or the hearer may not know the language. Thus, to be successful in communication, the hearer must identify what it is the speaker means to do (state, order, ask, report, promise, etc.)

There are six possibilities of the ways of performing illocutionary acts as quoted by Risana (2005:21-22), they are:

1. Literal direct act

It is literal when the illocution of the act most directly indicated by literal reading of grammatical form the vocabulary of the utterance.

2. Non literal direct act

In this case the illocution of an utterance is not directly indicated by the literal reading of grammatical form and the vocabulary of the utterance.

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3. Literal direct act + Non literal indirect act

In literal direct act, the speaker means what he says literally and it is not performed any other act. In nonliteral indirect, the speaker does not mean what his word means literally and he performs the act by means of performing another speech act.

4. Literal direct act + Literal indirect act

In literal direct act, the speaker means what he says literally and it is not performed by means of performing any other act. In literal indirect, although the speaker means what he says, but it is performed by means of performing any other act.

5. Non literal direct act + Non literal indirect act

In nonliteral indirect act, the speaker does not mean what these words mean literally and it is not performed by means of performing any other. In nonliteral indirect act, the speaker does not mean what his words mean literally but it is performed by means of performing any other acts.

6. Non literal direct act + Literal indirect act

In nonliteral direct act, the speaker does not mean what his words really mean and it is not performed by mean of any other act. In literal indirect act the speaker means what he says but it is performed by means performing any other act.

No Utterance Speech Act 1 Speech Act 2

Direct Indirect

1 Please, come back! Literal

(Request)

_____

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(Means: very thick)

3 I got drying in my throat. Literal (Report)

Nonliteral (Request) 4 I have a knife in my hand. Literal

(Report)

Literal (Warning) 5 Go away! Wherever you want.

(First, it is used sarcastically to point out that the wife does not like her husband leave the house. Secondly, it is used to ask her husband to stop leaving.

Nonliteral (Report)

Literal (warning)

6 The typical example of nonliteral direct act and literal indirect act are rare and hard to find.

Nonliteral Literal

2.3.3 The Classification of Illocutionary Acts

The classification of illocutionary acts propose by Searle (1976) is a development of ideas that appears in Austin’s theory. They are five basic kind of action that can perform in speaking by mean of the following five types of utterance that is developing by Yule (1996:53-54), they are:

A. Declaratives

Declaratives are those kinds of speech acts that change the world via their utterance. The acts of declaratives are approving, betting, blessing,

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instructing, confirming, cursing, declaring, disapproving, dismissing, naming, resigning, etc.

Example: I quit from this job resigning

Searle (1975:13) states it is the defining characteristic of this class that the successful performance of one of its members brings about the correspondence between the propositional content and reality, successful performance guarantees that the propositional content corresponds to the world.

B. Representative

Representatives are those kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker believes to be case or not. The type include arguing, asserting, boasting, claiming, complaining, criticizing, denying, describing, informing, insisting, reporting, suggesting, swearing, etc.

Example: I met your parent yesterday informing

Searle (1975:10) states that the point or pupose of the members of the representative class is to commit the speaker (in varying degrees) to something’s being the case, to the truth of expressed proposition. All of the members of the representative class are assessable on the dimension of assessment which includes

true and false.

C. Expressives

Expressives are those kinds of speech acts that state what the speakers feel. The acts are apologizing complimenting, condoling, congratulating, deploring, praising, regretting, thanking, etc.

There are six types of expressives, which will be analyzed in this thesis, they are:

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Expressing gratitude is considered to be one universals of interpersonal communication, in particular in realization of the politeness principle. Thanking is classified as an expressive illocutionary act that can be defined as an expression of gratitude on the part of the speaker to the addressee. For example : ‘Thank you so much for coming.”

1. Expressives for Thank

Apologizing is an expression of regret. Some definitions of apologizing such as; acknowledge faults or shortcoming failing, defend, explain, clear away or make excuses for by reasoning. There also some related terms of apologizing : alibi out of, apologize for, ask forgiveness, beg pardon, express regret, plead guilty, do penance and so on. For example: “I beg your pardon.”

2. Evpressives for Apologize

Congratulating, applauding and condoling are the kinds of expressives for congratulation. Those show the speaker’s sympathy toward what has been happening to the hearer.Congratulating expresses the feeling of pleasure toward the hearer’s luck, applauding expresses the feeling of honor toward hearer’s ability, while condoling expresses the feeling of compassion toward the hearer’s sadness. For example:“I congratulate you for your graduation.”

3. Expressive for Congratulating

Greeting is an expression of welcoming. It is also the act of greeting by the speaker to the hearer. For example: “Good morning, mom.”

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Wishing is the expression of speaker’s desire and wants in order to expect it becomes reality. For example: “I wish you were here.”

5. Expressives for Wishes

This kind of expressives is about criticizing, complaining, and deprecating that express the feeling of disagree or dislike with the hearer’s attitude. Those expect the hearer to mull over the speaker’s utterance. For example: “That’s no good.”

6. Expressives for Attitudes

D. Directives

Directives are those kinds of speech acts that the speakers use to get someone else to do something. The acts are advising, asking, begging, challenging, daring, demanding, forbidding, insisting, inviting, ordering, permitting, recommending, requesting, suggesting, etc.

Example: Don’t go to the party! Forbidding

Searle (1975:11) says that the illocutionary point of these consists in the fact that they are attempts (of varying degrees, and hence, more precisely, they are determinates of determinable which includes attempting) by the speaker to get the hearer to do something.

E. Commicives

Commissives are those kinds’ acts that the speakers use to commit themselves to some future action. The acts are committing, guaranteeing, offering, promising, refusing, threatening, volunteering, vowing etc.

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Searle (1975:11) says that commissives then are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker (again in varying degrees) to some future course of action.

2.4 Relevant Studies

In the completing of this thesis, I use some previous researches that discuss the same topic, illocutionary acts, as references to completing this thesis. Here they are as follow:

Maznilkhairi (2011) in his thesis “An Analysis of Illocutionary Acts in The Pursuit of Happyness” analyzes Directive illocutionary acts in the movie. He uses library research with descriptive method in the analysis. He finds that there are two types of directive illocution in that movie; they are direct directives and indirect directives. The author concluded from the number of the utterances in directive illocutionary act that has the highest percentage of all is the presence of DirectDirectives.

LiaAgustinaDamanik (2012) in her thesis “Speech Act Classification InSlumdog Millionaire” analyzes illocutionary acts in the movie. She uses library

research with descriptive method in the analysis. She finds that there are five types of illocutionary acts in that movie; they are verdictives, exercitives, commissives, behabitives, and expositives. After analyzing all the utterances by the whole characters in Slumdog Millionaire, it is found that there are 382 utterances which can be characterized for each illocutionary acts category; expositives(60,15%),

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behabiives(23,5%), exercitives(9,5%), commisives (4,74%), and verdictives (2,11%). She finds that the most dominant illocution appeared is expositives.

Risana A. Silalahi (2005) in her thesis “Expressive Illocution on James Herriot’s All Things Wise and Wonderful : A Pragmatic Analysis” analyzes

expressive illocution in the novel. She uses library research with descriptive method in the analysis. She describes that there are six types of expressive illocution; they are a. Expressives for Thank, Expressives for Apologize, Expresives for Congratulation, Expressives for Greetings, Expressives for Wishes, and Expressives for Attitudes. She finds the most dominant expressives used in the novel is expressive for thanking.

I would like to explain that my analysis focuses on describing the findings of expressive illocutionary acts in the shows and how they are performed. I also do the library research with descriptive method. By watching the Oprah Winfrey’s talk shows and then read the scripts I will find expressive illocutionary acts in each utterances. After that the process of collecting data also was done by re-watching the talk show and did thetechnique of collecting data while re-reading the Oprah Winfrey’s talk show script is a must in order to get a better understanding of the speeches, classify them into specific category and show how they are performed in the dialogues. Then I use formula to count the number of occurrence. It can be said my analysis is nearly the same with Risana but I do the other thing, which is to show the performing of expressive illocutionary acts in the dialogues in the shows.

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CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1. Research Design

This thesis will be done by applying the qualitative method of case study. Case study research is a study which explores a problem with the detailed limitation, has deep data retrieval, and includes various sources of information. Qualitative research method is a procedure generates data in the form of descriptive words written or spoken from people and observed behavior. With the qualitative research, researcher can follow and understand the chronology and causality in research. (Miles &Huberman, 1992). They are five characteristics of qualitative research as quoted from Aulia (2010:29), as follow;

a. Qualitative research has the natural setting as the direct source of data and researcher is the key instrument.

b. Qualitative research is descriptive. The data collected is in the form of wordsof pictures rather than number.

c. Qualitative research is concern with process rather than simply withoutcomes or products.

d. Qualitative research tends to analyze their data inductively.

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The design of this research is descriptive qualitative method since the data are in the form of words. This point discusses the way to collect, analyze, and get thevalid data due to the need of completing the research objectives. Therefore, evenwhen certain statistics were calculated, it is used to form a descriptive qualitativeconclusion to describe the illocutionary acts occurred on the speech.

3.2 Data and Data Source

The data are taken from the websit and

Full Videos 10/03/2010. The primary source of this study is Oprah Gail Winfrey utterances during the show occurred. The data of this research is every sentence in those utterances that contain the illocutionary acts.

This Oprah Winfrey’s talk show was chosen as the data source because Oprah Winfrey as we know is one of the greatest talk show host and the most influentialwoman in the world. The Oprah Winfrey talk show script contains many of conversation, in situation ask question and respond question directly and spontaneously between Oprah and her guest star in her talk show.

In additional, the transcription of the speeches is used to ease the analysis of the speeches. This research focuses on expressive illocutionary acts in Oprah Gail Winfrey’s speeches.

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3.3. Data Collection

The speeches are taken from the website that is mentioned above. The data were copied from the site and pasted in the page. Read the script of the speeches formany times is a must in order to get a better understanding of the speeches. Related to the data collection, this research uses the following steps. First, browses the website

“YouTube” which is content of Oprah Gail Winfrey’s utterances and copying the

script from www.harrypotterspage.com. After getting the data, the next step is selecting, and picking up the data referring to the problems of this study by classifying and selecting an illocutionary act. The last step is arranges the data systematically deal with the objective of the study.

Moreover, Nawawi’s formula is applied to count the percentage of data, to find the most dominant type of expressive illocution and the way it is performed.

Calculating data with distributive frequency is calculating the frequency of the data then frequency is percentage. From that explanation before, the percentage of each classification of illocutionary acts was calculated through the following formula from Nawawi:

�

�X 100% = N

Where,

X = Number of the subcategory of expressive illocutionary.

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N = The percentage of subcategories illocutionary act.

This study using several steps to analyze the data, they are:

a. Firstly, identifying and classifying the data based on Searle’s theory.

b. Secondly, analyzing the illocutionary acts that must be made in order to reach the successfulness of the speech acts.

c. Thirdly, counting the result of illocutionary acts.

d. Fourthly, finding the most dominant type of illocutionary acts.

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CHAPTER IV

THE ANALYSIS OF EXPRESSIVE ILLOCUTIONARY ACT

IN

THE OPRAH WINFREY SHOW

4.1 The Six Types of Expressive Illocutionary Acts

As mentioned in the previous chapter, Expressives are defined as part of illocutionary acts in which the state what the speaker feel. More deeply expressive illocution describes and expresses psychological state of the speaker, it can be statement of pleasure, joy, sorrow, etc. The data of this thesis is consisting of dialogues. Each dialogue will be analysed based on the speaker and condition, supported by Searle’s speech act theory to decide which expressive illocutionary act the utterance will be. The whole dialogues will be collected by following how they are uttered originally in the show.Here below are the data of expressives illocutionary acts I find in The Oprah Winfrey Show:

1) Expressives for Thank

Thanking is an expression of gratitude on the part of the speaker to the addressee whose past or future act benefits the speaker; or a grateful feeling of kindness, favour, or the like expressed by words. Below the data of thanking expressives found in Oprah Winfrey Show 10/03/2010:

No Utterances

1. Winfrey: Well thank you.212 2. Rowling: Thank you.275

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2) Expressives for Apologize

Apologizing is an expression of regret. It can be defined as the speaker to defend, explain, clear away or make excuses for by reasoning. Some related terms of apologizing are: alibi out of, plead guilty, lie out of, excuse, do penance, and so on. But there is no expressives for apologize found in Oprah Winfrey Show.

No Utterances

- -

3) Expressives for congratulation

Congratulation is expression of pleasure and best wishes on the occasion of another’s good fortune or success. Congratulating, applauding and condoling kinds of expressives for congratulating. Those show the speaker’s sympathy toward what has been happening to the hearer’s luck, applauding expresses the feeling of honor toward hearer’s ability or toward something good, while condoling express the feeling of compassion toward the hearer’s sadness. Below the data of congratilationexpressives found in Oprah Winfrey Show 10/03/2010:

No Utterances

1 Winfrey: … it was beautiful. Scotland is beautiful.18 2 Rowling: It’s stunning. Yeah, it’s stunning.19

3 Winfrey: And the greener is greener than anything I’ve ever seen other Ireland.20

4 Rowling: It was huge.26

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6 Winfrey: That’s such a great analogy.43 7 Rowling: This felt so extravagant!102

8 Rowling: Yeah, it was, yeah. You’re good.155 9 Winfrey: I was going to say, you’re doing well!208

10 Rowling: well, exactly, but you’re quite good at this, you know?211 11 Rowling: It’s such a huge …239

12 Winfrey: You became a Beatle!270 13 Winfrey: That is pretty good.272

14 Winfrey: That so much fun, Jo. That was really fun.274

4) Expressives for Greetings

Greeting is an expression of welcoming. The speaker action of giving a sign of welcoming or recognizing to the hearer. But there is no expressives for greetings found in Oprah Winfrey Show. The host never say any greeting utterance to the guest during the show. The show starts from introductory video clip by Winfrey with Rowling sitting next her.

No Utterances

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5) Expressives of Wishes

Wishing is an expression of a desire or hope for something to happen. The speaker’s desire and wants in order to expect it becomes reality. Below the data of expressives of wishes found in Oprah Winfrey Show 10/03/2010:

No Utterances

1 Rowling: … I just wanted the last words to be ‘all is well’.34

2 Rowling: I really hope so. I’m very frustrated by fear of imagination. That’s – I don’t think that’s healty.81

3 Rowling: … and I hope this gives hope to all single women out there …167

4 Rowling: Really? I hope – I hope I – that sounds good.110

6) Expressives for Attitudes

Expressives for attitudes has the less value of polite principle, because criticizing, complaining and deprecating express the feeling of disagree or dislike with the hearer’s attitude. Those expect the hearer to mull over the speaker’s utterance. Below the data of expressives for attitudes found in Oprah Winfrey Show 10/03/2010:

No Utterances

1 Rowling: Yeah, not for too long.13

2 Rowling: No – it hasn’t held me back, has it? Clearly not held me back.17 3 Winfrey: I can’t imagine.27

4 Rowling: … It was uncontrollable and I’m not big crier…30

5 Rowling: … ‘my God, this is crazy!’ I couldn’t turn to anyone…44

6 Rowling: No, no. I’m not pushing any belief system here, although there is a lot of Christian imagery in the books…85

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7 Rowling: But you don’t – you’ve not lived like that for so long.98

8 Rowling: I dress better. But that’s not just about money, ‘cause you meet lots of rich people who dress atrociously…106

9 Winfrey: Unless I’m a complete fool.111

10 Rowling: But that’s it! Unless I’m a fool! And you know what? I’ve never been a fool with money so why worry?112

11 Rowling: No, I don’t drive. No. Cars terrify me. I am really frightened of cars.126

12 Rowling: No. Never. And I really, really mean never…132 13 Rowling: Really crazy stuff that happens…134

14 Rowling: No, I don’t. I don’t. I think that it’s such a huge thing to be estranged from a parent that obviously you would.177

15 Rowling: It wasn’t a good relationship from my point of view for a very long time but I had a need to please…181

16 Rowling: Yeah, but I never told her about it.187 17 Rowling: But his is different. This is different!209

18 Rowling: I can only say to you: it could be so much worse.221

19 Rowling: No. I mean – no. I have a say. For me it’s – I love films, I love the books, and there are elements that are really fun around it.229

20 Winfrey: …”I don’t know a thing!”230

21 Rowling: You never meant to be that huge.265

22 Rowling: No and I really mean that. And I get asked that – it’s not even – people don’t ask me that, interestingly, people tell me that.267

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4.2 Ways of Performing Expressives Illocutionary Acts

For the illocutionary act to be successful in communicating, the hearer must recognize what is it that the speaker attempting to do such as state, order, promise, and so on. Here the utterances and the ways of performing that found in The Oprah Winfrey Show:

1. Literal direct act

1) Rowling: Yeah, not for too long.13

It is used to express Rowling’s complaint toward Winfrey’s statement about the boys.

2) Rowling: No – it hasn’t held me back, has it? Clearly not held me back.17 It is used to express Rowling’s criticism toward Winfrey that she cannot turn back to the past.

3) Winfrey: … it was beautiful. Scotland is beautiful.18

It is used to express pleasure from Winfrey to the beautiful Scotland. 4) Rowling: It’s stunning. Yeah, it’s stunning.19

It is used to express Rowling’s pleasure. 5) Rowling: It was huge.26

It used to express Rowling’s pleasure. 6) Winfrey: I can’t imagine.27

It used to express Winfrey’s compliment toward Rowling. 7) Rowling: … It was uncontrollable and I’m not big crier…30

It used to express Rowling’s criticism that she cannot keep crying when her mother died

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8) Rowling: Well, that’s a really good question …34

It is used to express congratulation from Rowling to Winfrey 9) Winfrey: That’s such a great analogy.43

It is used to express Winfrey’s congratulation toward Rowling’s idea. 10) Rowling: No, no. I’m not pushing any belief system here, although there

is a lot of Christian imagery in the books…85

It is used to express Rowling’s complaint toward Winfrey. 11) Rowling: This felt so extravagant!102

It is used to express congratulation from Rowling to Winfrey

12) Rowling: I dress better. But that’s not just about money, ‘cause you meet lots of rich people who dress atrociously…106

It is to used express Rowling’s criticism that toward Winfrey. 13) Winfrey: Unless I’m a complete fool.111

It is used to express Winfrey’s condolence.

14) Rowling: But that’s it! Unless I’m a fool! And you know what? I’ve never been a fool with money so why worry?112

It is used to express Rowling’s condolence.

15) Rowling: No, I don’t drive. No. Cars terrify me. I am really frightened of cars.126

It is used to express Rowling’s criticism that she do not dare to drive. 16) Rowling: No. Never. And I really, really mean never…132

It is used to express Rowling’s complaint toward Winfrey. 17) Rowling: Really crazy stuff that happens…134

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18) Rowling: Yeah, it was, yeah. You’re good.155

It is used to express Rowling’s applauding toward Winfrey.

19) Rowling: No, I don’t. I don’t. I think that it’s such a huge thing to be estranged from a parent that obviously you would.177

It is used to express Rowling’s complaint toward Winfrey question? 20) Rowling: It wasn’t a good relationship from my point of view for a very

long time but I had a need to please…181 It is used to express Rowling’s criticism. 21) Rowling: Yeah, but I never told her about it.187

It is used to express Rowling’s complaint toward Winfrey question. 22) Winfrey: I was going to say, you’re doing well!208

It is used to express congratulating from Winfrey to Rowling.

23) Rowling: But his is different. This is different!209

It is used to express Rowling’s complaint that she can’t deal with public speaking very easily.

24) Rowling: well, exactly, but you’re quite good at this, you know?211 It is used to express Rowling’s applauding toward Winfrey. 25) Winfrey: Well thank you.212

It is used to express Winfrey’s gratitude toward Rowling that praise for her job.

26) Rowling: I can only say to you: it could be so much worse.221

It is used to express deprecating from Rowling that she can’t imagine it’s been Potterized.

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27) Rowling: No. I mean – no. I have a say. For me it’s – I love films, I love the books, and there are elements that are really fun around it.229

It is used to express Rowling’s complaint that she doesn’t control all of it.

28) Winfrey: …”I don’t know a thing!”230

It is used to express Winfrey’s Complaint. 29) Rowling: It’s such a huge …239

It is used to express Rowling’s applauding. 30) Rowling: You never meant to be that huge.265

It is used to express Rowling’s criticism toward Winfrey

31) Rowling: No and I really mean that. And I get asked that – it’s not even – people don’t ask me that, interestingly, people tell me that.267

It is used to express Rowling’s complaint toward Winfrey. 32) Rowling: … “No, I really, truly don’t think that.”267

It is used to express Rowling’s complain toward the people. 33) Winfrey: You became a Beatle!270

It is used to express Winfrey’s applauding to Rowling. As we know, Beatle is a name of most famous and legendary band in this whole world. 34) Winfrey: That is pretty good.272

It is used to express Winfrey’s applauding toward Rowling. 35) Winfrey: That so much fun, Jo. That was really fun.274

It is used to express Winfrey’s applauding toward Rowling that they really have fun the conversation.

36) Rowling: Thank you.275

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37) Winfrey: Thank you so much.276

It is used to express Winfrey’s gratitude toward Rowling in the end of the show.

2. Non literal direct act -

3. Literal direct act + Non literal direct act

1) Rowling: … ‘my God, this is crazy!’ I couldn’t turn to anyone…44

First it used to express Rowling’s deprecating toward the publisher. Second, it is used as warning that she cannot turn to someone else.

2) Rowling: I really hope so. I’m very frustrated by fear of imagination. That’s – I don’t think that’s healty.81

First it used to express her hope (Rowling). Second, it is also reporting that she is fear being frustrated.

3) Rowling: Really? I hope – I hope I – that sounds good.110

First it is used to express Rowling’s hope toward Winfrey. Second, it is also show Rowling doubtful.

4) Rowling: But you don’t – you’ve not lived like that for so long.98

Fist it is used to express Rowling complaint toward Winfrey. Second, it is also used to warn Winfrey that she lived like that not for so long. 4. Literal direct act + Literal indirect act

1) Winfrey: And the greener is greener than anything I’ve ever seen other Ireland.20

First it is used to express Winfrey’s pleasure. Second, it is also Winfrey’s appeal to the audience to visit Scotland.

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First it is used to express Rowling’s wish. Second, it is a motivation that all is well in the end.

3) Rowling: … and I hope this gives hope to all single women out there …167

First it is used to express Rowling’s hope. Second, it is used to give motivation to all single women.

5. Non literal direct act + Non literal indirect act -

6. Non literal direct act + Literal indirect act -

4.3 The Table of Analysis Result

The writer used Nawawi’s formula to count the percentage the data of each category and the ways of performing of expressive illocutionary acts. The population of the research is about 45 minutes during the show ongoing.

�

�X 100% = N

Notes

X = Number of the subcategory of expressive illocutionary.

Y = Number of all data.

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No Types of Expressive Illocutionary Acts

Frequency of Occurence

The Percentage (%)

1 Expressives for Thank 3 6,81

2 Expressives for Apologies _

3 Expressives for congratulation 14 31,81 4 Expressives for Greetings _

5 Expressives for Wishes 4 9,09

6 Expressives for Attitudes 23 52,27

Total 44 100

Ways of Performing Expressive Illocutionary Acts

Frequency of Occurence

The Percentage (%)

1 Literal direct act 37 84,09

2 Non literal direct act _

3 Literal direct act + Non literal direct act

4 9,09

4 Literal direct act + literal direct act 3 6,81 5 Non literal direct act + Non literal

indirect act

6 Non literal direct act + Literal indirect act

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

After doing this analysis the writer drawssome conclusion in which as the writer mentioned above Language is a system of signs that evolves from the activity of speech to ask, to give command, to invite, to deceive someone, and so on.Shortly, language can be used to do something, and language is used in doing something. In the theory of pragmatics, the involvement of these two meanings explained by considering the sense in which to say something is to do something or in saying something, we do something and even by saying something, we do something. In the theory of pragmatics, there are three types of act which are called speech acts, they are locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary acts.Then, it can be concluded that Illocutionary acts, which is focused on Expressive Illocutionary Acts used in Oprah Winfrey Show have some types ofExpressive Illocutionary Acts namely;Expressives for thank, Expressives for Apologies, Expressives for Congratulation, Expressives for greetings, Expressives for Whises, and Expressives for Attitudes.

In this analysis 44expressives illocutionary acts has been found from The Oprah Winfrey Show with the percentage of each category: expressives for thank 3 (6,81%), expressives for apologies 0 (0%), expressives for congratulation 14 (31,81%), expressives for greetings 0 (0%), expressives for wishes 4 (9,09%), and expressives for attitudes 24 (52,27%). The possibilities of the ways performing

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expressives illocutionary acts in the show also have been analyzed and counted : literal direct act (84,09 %), non-literal direct act (0%), literal directact+non literal direct act (9,09%), literal direct act+literal indirect act (6,81%), non-literal directact+non literal indirect act (0%), non-literal direct act+literal indirect act (0%).From the percentage, the most dominant of expressive illocutionary acts appeared in the show is expressives for attitudes and the dominant ways of performing is literal direct act.

5.2 Suggestions

As the result of this study, the writer would like to suggest the readers will be more understand what Speech Act is. And for student of English literature who wants to analyze with the same tittle make it difference, try to analyze by using difference theory like or Austin’s theory, or Akmajian’s theory, or Peccei’s theory, and this thesis is done by using Searle’s speech act theory. In the future, readers can analyze the other subject such as movies, drama, headline news, songs, advertisement, and so on. Hopefully the findings of this study could be useful to enlighten the mind of the future students of linguistics as well as to provide a new thought in the world of linguistics.

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Khairi, Maznil. 2011. An Analysis of Illocutionary Acts in The Pursuit of Happyness.Unpublished Thesis. Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara.

Leech, G. 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman Group.

Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Miles &Huberman. 1992. Analisis Data Kualitatif, BukuSumberTentangMetode-metodeBaru. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia Press.

Nawawi. 1993. Metodepenelitianbidang social. Yogyakarta: Gajah MadaUniversty

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Saeed, J. I. 1997. Semantics. New York: Blackwell.

Searle, J.R. 1969.Speech Acts, An Essay in The Philosophy of Language. London: Cambridge University Press

Silalahi, Risana. 2005. Expressive Illocution on James Herriot’s All Things Wise and Wonderful : A Pragmatic Analysis. Unpublished Thesis. Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara.

Spolsky, Bernard. 2008. Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Thomas, Linda &Wareing, Shan. 1999. Language, Society and Power. London:

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Yule, G. 1996. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Indrawati. 2009. Language Circle: Journal of Language and Literature. Semarang: Semarang State University.

Website

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uv1O6JJMC5o/

Websit

http://www.harrypotterspage.com/2010/10/03/transcript-of-oprah-interview-with-j-k-rowling/

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APPENDIX

Transcript of Oprah Interview with J. K. Rowling

1. Winfrey: The J. K. Rowling legend begins with a delightful children’s book about an orphan boy wizard named with a lightning-shaped scar – a boy with a magical destiny. A destiny shared by his creator. J. K. Rowling is the first self-made billionaire author in history, selling more than four-hundred million books, captivating readers in sixty-nine languages, and two-hundred countries around the world. Harry’s final chapter – the Deathly Hallows, is the fastest-selling book of all time. No wonder she’s credited with doing more for literacy than anyone else on the planet. Her empire spans movies, merchandise – even an amusement park. The

Harry Potter blockbusters are the highest grossing movie franchise in history – raking in more than 5.3 billion dollars and still counting.

2. Winfrey: So, this is the first time we’ve met. 3. Rowling: Yes, it is.

4. Winfrey: And my producers tell me that your real name is Jo. All this time I thought you were ‘J. K.’.

5. Rowling: (laughing) Yeah.

6. Winfrey: J. K. is -

7. Rowling: Is just the nom de – well, it’s because my British publisher, when the first book came out, thought ‘this is a book that will appeal to boys’ but they didn’t want the boys to know a woman had written it. So they said to me ‘could we use your initials’ and I said ‘fine’. I only have one initial. I don’t have a middle name. So I took my favourite grandmother’s name, Kathleen.

8. Winfrey: Kathleen. 9. Rowling: Kathleen, yeah. 10. Winfrey: Jo Kathleen. 11. Rowling: Joanne Kathleen.

12. Winfrey: And fooled the boys for a while. 13. Rowling: Yeah, not for too long.

14. Winfrey: Not for too long.

15. Rowling: Yeah – because I started getting my picture in the press and no one could pretend I was a man anymore.

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16. Winfrey: Yes – and I don’t think the boys have minded.

17. Rowling: No – it hasn’t held me back, has it? Clearly not held me back.

18. Winfrey: Not a bit. When we came – just arrived yesterday – it was beautiful. Scotland is beautiful.

19. Rowling: It’s stunning. Yeah, it’s stunning.

20. Winfrey: And the green is greener than anything I’ve ever seen other than Ireland.

21. Winfrey: – That you thought would be particularly stimulating to your creative process. That’s why you wanted to come here? To finish?

22. Rowling: Well, it turned out to be stimulating. As I was finishing Deathly Hallows there came a day where the window cleaner came, the kids were at home,

the dogs were barking, and I could not work and this light-bulb went on over my head and I thought ‘I can throw money at this problem. I can now solve this problem.’ For years and years and years I just would go to a café and sit in a different kind of noise and work. I thought ‘I can go to a quiet place’. So I came to this hotel because it’s a beautiful hotel, but I didn’t intend to stay here. They were so nice to me here – and I think writers can be a little bit superstitious – so the first day’s writing went well so I kept coming back to this hotel and I ended-up finishing the last of the Harry Potter books in this hotel.

23. Winfrey: We have a lot of things in common. 24. Rowling: Yeah.

25. Winfrey: First of all you know this is the last year that I’m doing the Oprah Show. I will go on and do other things but when I came to the end of Hallows – the ‘last trace of steam evaporated in the autumn air’, ‘the train rounded a corner’, ‘Harry’s hand was still raised in farewell’. ““He’ll be alright,” murmured Ginny. As Harry looked at her he lowered his hand absentmindedly and touched the lightning scar on his forehead. “I know he will”. The scar had not pained Harry for nineteen years. All was well.” When I came to the end of that I mourned not only for the end of the series but for you. I cannot imagine what that was like.

26. Rowling: It was huge. 27. Winfrey: I can’t imagine.

28. Rowling: I kept – It was a bereavement. It was. It was a bereavement. It was huge. I think one way – although I knew it was coming we all know that the people we love are mortal – we are mortal. We know it’s going to end. You cannot prepare yourself for it. So even though I always knew it would be seven books – that was it. I knew how it was going to end. When it ended I was in a slight state of shock.

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189. Rowling: And I would have done. You know? I would have told her about it and I know she would have really liked it. I think she was – I think it was six months before she died I started writing. Yeah, and I never shared it with her.

190. Winfrey: Do you regret that?

191. Rowling: Yeah, hugely. Hugely. But the odd thing is that that’s just life, isn’t it? The books wouldn’t be what they are if she hadn’t died. I mean her death is on virtually every other page of the Harry Potter books, you know? At least half of Harry’s journey is a journey to deal with death in its many forms, what it does to the living, what it means to die, what survives death – it’s there in every single volume of the books.

192. Winfrey: What the love of your parents – the love of you parents. How that abides with you still. Yes.

193. Rowling: Exactly, exactly. Exactly. So, if she hadn’t died I don’t think it’s too strong to say there wouldn’t be Harry Potter. There wouldn’t – you know? The books are what they are because she died. Because I loved her and she died. That’s why they are what they are.

194. Winfrey: Would it also be fair to say that your life – everything in your life, because I know you went through a period of depression and I had read that the Dementors came from that depression

195. Rowling: Completely, yeah.

196. Winfrey: In Harry Potter’s world, the Dementors are dark creatures who feed-off human happiness causing depression and despair to those in their path. Dementors are capable of consuming a person’s soul.

197. Winfrey: Would it be fair to say that you’ve used, in the seventeen year process, writing the Potter series, that you’ve used the good, the bad and the ugly of your life?

198. Rowling: Yeah. Definitely.Definitely.

199. Winfrey: And expressed it through your writing through the Potter stories? 200. Rowling: Yeah. For sure. Depression is – Clinical depression is a – is a – is a terrible place to be. Terrible place to be.

201. Winfrey: So you became depressed after your mother died?

202. Rowling: Yes, but I think it was a kind of delayed – I think I had tendencies toward depression from quite young. It became really acute when I was sort of twenty-five to twenty-eight was a dark time. It’s that absence of feeling – and it’s even the absence of hope that you can feel better. And it’s so difficult to describe to someone who’s never been there because it’s not sadness. Sadness is – I know sadness – sadness is not a bad thing. You know? To cry and to feel. But it’s that cold

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absence of feeling – that really hollowed-out feeling. That’s what the Dementors are. And it was because of my daughter that I went and got help.

203. Rowling: – Means a stripping-away of the inessential. I stopped pretending to myself that I was anything other than what I was and began to direct all my energy into finishing the only work that mattered to me. I was set free because my greatest feeling had been realized and I was still alive and I still had a daughter whom I adored and I had an old typewriter and a big idea and so rock-bottom became the solid foundation on which I re-built by life. It is impossible to live without failing at something unless you live so cautiously that you might as well not have lived at all. 204. Winfrey: I love the Harvard Speech. Were you a little nervous going to speak to Harvard? Even you?

205. Rowling: A little. That was – That was easily the most frightening thing I’ve done in my life. Easily. It felt very exposing because this wasn’t me reading-out words that had already been approved. Do you know what I mean? I used to be borderline phobic about public speaking.

206. Winfrey: Wow, really?

207. Rowling: Yeah. Really. Like shaking so badly I couldn’t – I didn’t know what sentence I was on. So I’ve come a long way. I’m still not – public speaking I’ve got better at but there are things like having to give a speech on T.V. still scares me so much I can’t deal with that very easily. This feels very easy.

208. Winfrey: I was going to say, you’re doing so well! 209. Rowling: But this is different. This is different! 210. Winfrey: A conversation. Like a conversation.

211. Rowling: Well, exactly, but you’re quite good at this, you know? 212. Winfrey: Well thank you.

213. Rowling: They say.

214. Winfrey: So the most important thing about that speech I think first of all you talked about how rock-bottom became the foundation from which you rebuilt your life. But the most important thing was about how to use failure.

215. Rowling: Failure. Failure is so impor – it doesn’t get spoken about enough. We speak about success all the time, but, you know, I do not know any – I haven’t met – and I’ve been so fortunate and met extraordinary people through Harry Potter, and not one of them didn’t have their failure – more than one failure. And it’s the ability to resist failure, in many ways, or use failure that often leads to the greatest success, isn’t it? So, yeah.Failure. I’ve often met people who – who are terrified, you know, in a straight jacket of their own making because they’d rather do anything that fail. They don’t want to try for fear of failing. Well that’s the rock-bottom thing.

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Rock-bottom wasn’t fun – at all. I’m not going to romanticize rock-Rock-bottom, but it was liberating. What did I have to lose?

216. Winfrey: Were you reluctant to increase the empire? 217. Rowling: Yeah.

218. Winfrey: Meaning the theme parks, the doll figures, I mean there is an entire Potter universe.

219. Rowling: There is.

220. Winfrey: I mean anything you imagine in the world – it’s been Potterized. 221. Rowling: I can only say to you: it could be so much worse.

222. Winfrey: It could be?

223. Rowling: Michael Jackson wanted to do the musical. 224. Winfrey: Really?

225. Rowling: Mhmm.

226. Winfrey: That’s big, that you didn’t want Michael Jackson to do – 227. Rowling: I said no to a lot of things, we’ve –

228. Winfrey: Do you control all of it?

229. Rowling: No. I mean – no. I have a say. For me it’s – I love the films, I love the books, and there are elements that are really fun around it. Now with the theme park – when they came to us, they came to us with a really extraordinary proposal. Which is that this will be state-of-the-art and be like nothing anyone has ever seen and they could back that up. They showed us their ideas and I thought yeah, this could be amazing but I only wanted to do it if it was going to be incredible. And it truly is. I mean, if I had been a reader of the books, I would have wanted to go there.

230. Winfrey: In my magazine I do a column at the magazine called ‘what do you know for sure’? and every month when I write it I’m like “I don’t know a thing!” 231. Rowling: I’m really glad you said that because I thought wouldn’t if you ask me what do I know for sure, this is going to be tricky. Okay, okay.

232. Winfrey: Yeah, I’m prefacing it by saying it’s difficult to know what you know for sure.

233. Rowling: Yeah, it is. 234. Winfrey: But what do you?

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235. Rowling: Well, I definitely know that – that love is the most powerful thing of all and I remember thinking that – God, I’m about to make myself cry but, I remember thinking that when 9/11 happened because those last phone calls were about – the last thing knowingly, that I’m going to say on this earth is “I love you”. What’s more powerful than that? What’s more proof than that? Beyond fear, beyond death.

236. Winfrey: It’s so interesting that you mention 9/11 because I think about them all the time.

237. Rowling: It’s such a huge – it is a defining moment in our lives. I remember thinking “they can’t have come down”.

238. Winfrey: Could they have come down? Yes.

239. Rowling: Yeah. When I turned-on the T.V. and then yeah – I saw it. Yeah. And I panicked because I have good friends in New York and I emailed my two best friends in New York. One of them is my editor Arthur Levine and bizarrely, he was able to email me back virtually immediately and his last line in his email was “and they say we shouldn’t teach children about evil”. ‘Cause we had had many a discussion about that.

240. Winfrey: What is your dream of happiness?

241. Rowling: Well, in the – in the first Harry Potter book, Dumbledore says to Harry that the happiest man alive would look in the mirror and see himself exactly as he is. So I would have to say that I’m pretty close.

242. Winfrey: And will you be writing more?

243. Rowling: Definitely. Oh, God, definitely. I can’t, yeah, I literally can’t stop. Well, I mean, you could tie my hands to my sides, I suppose, but I have to write. For my own mental health, I need to write. Yeah.

244. Winfrey: They tell you now, you’re a writer.

245. Rowling: Yeah, well, exactly. I love it. I need to do it. I mean do you – you’re coming to the end of this. How does that feel?

246. Winfrey: It feels like the time is right for the end of this. 247. Rowling: Of this, exactly.

248. Winfrey: And would I be able to completely withdraw from the public and never sit and talk to – or never have the curiosity to sit and talk to talk about another person’s life or hear their stories? No. That’s why I’m creating my own network. But I read something recently. It was the story of Michael Jackson in the making of Thriller and in that story the writer said Michael Jackson never realized that Thriller was a phenomenon that, it being the number-one selling album of all times is a phenomenon. That what happened when that album came out and people all over the

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world doing that dance and listening to every song and that he spent his life chasing the phenomenon and therefore was never satisfied.

249. Rowling: I read it and that really resonated with me.

250. Winfrey: And it really resonated with me, too and I thought “I don’t want to be that.”

251. Rowling: Exactly.

252. Winfrey: I don’t want to be chasing the phenomenon that I know – 253. Rowling: I have to do it again. I have to do it again.

254. Winfrey: I have to do it again.

255. Rowling: I know. I did it, I’m really proud that I did it and I’m sure you feel the same way.

256. Winfrey: Yes. That’s exactly how I feel. 257. Rowling: But this is a new phase.

258. Winfrey: That I will bring this to a close just as you have brought that to a close and then I will go one to whatever the next chapter is and let that be whatever that is going to be.

259. Rowling: I feel exactly the same. It would be more interesting if I disagreed for interview purposes, but I do feel – I read that interview and that part is the part that stayed with me.

260. Winfrey: That was life-changing for me in that moment. Click! Switched. I thought “oh, that’s why I was so afraid of moving forward with this idea of the network” ’cause I’m thinking “how am I going to top this, how am I going to make it? How am I going to do that?” You have to – it’s a completely separate thing and it will be paralyzing – it’s paralyzing.

261. Rowling: Totally. If you’re going to spend your whole life chasing that. 262. Winfrey: But, like, trying to create that. Because the fact that that was – 263. Rowling: You never meant to be that huge.

264. Winfrey: That’s right! I never – I didn’t create that in the first place. That was ..Universal,divine order, Jesus, all of it. So yes, that brings me to the final question for you. Is there, or was there, has there been a part of you that feels “I’ve got to top Harry”.

265. Rowling: No and I really mean that. And I get asked that – it’s not even – people don’t ask me that, interestingly, people tell me that. People say to me “well,

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you must just think how on earth am I going to top that?” And I think “No. I really, truly don’t think that.” It was amazing. It was also insane, at times.

266. Winfrey: Yes, yes.

267. Rowling: And there are parts of that insanity I’ll be quite glad to leave behind. 268. Winfrey: You became a Beatle!

269. Rowling: I’m so – yeah. It was fun for a while, but it – you know – I’m so grateful I had it, honestly. On so many different levels. I love the people who read the books, I dedicated the last book to the people dearest to my heart and the seventh part of that dedication was a reader who’d stuck with Harry right the way through, I love them.

270. Winfrey: Which is exactly how I feel about all the people who stuck with me. When I was saying – when I was making the announcement for leaving the show, the only time I teared-up and, in the future, even sitting in meetings, the only time – the only thing that makes me cry is thinking about the viewers. The people who made it all possible.

271. Rowling: Yeah. I feel totally the same way. There was a girl who came-up to me the other day in the street, sort of ballooned out of the pavement in front of me like she’d Apparated. She must have been early twenties and she said to me “You are my childhood”. How can you – I know! About the nicest thing anyone’s ever said to me.

272. Winfrey: That is pretty good. 273. Rowling: Yeah.

274. Winfrey: That was so much fun, Jo. That was really fun. 275. Rowling: Thank you.

An Analysis Of Expressive Illocutionary Acts In The Oprah Winfrey Show

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH

CHAPTER IV

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Dukungan

Links

An Analysis Of Expressive Illocutionary Acts In The Oprah Winfrey Show

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH

CHAPTER IV

THE ANALYSIS OF EXPRESSIVE ILLOCUTIONARY ACT

IN

THE OPRAH WINFREY SHOW

Parts

Dokumen yang terkait

An Analysis Of Illocutionary Acts In Discover Magazine

An Analysis of Illocutionary Acts in The Pursuit of Happyness.

Expressive Illocutionary ACTS in Jane Austen''s Mansfield Park: A Aragmatic Analysis

AN ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE STYLE USED BY THE PRESENTER OF OPRAH WINFREY SHOW

Conversational Interruption In Oprah Winfrey Show Will Smith And Family Interview Episode

THE ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS USED IN PIERS MORGAN TONIGHT (TALK SHOW) WITH OPRAH WINFREY.

An Analysis of Illocutionary Acts in Insurance Advertisements.

SPEECH FUNCTIONS IN OPRAH WINFREY SHOW.

The Analysis on Male and Female Talk in Oprah Winfrey Show (Sociolinguistic Approach).

An Analysis of Off Record Strategies Reflecting Politeness Implicature in “Oprah Winfrey Show”

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