The Analysis of Translation Techniques Used in The Translation of Sexual Terms

2. The Analysis of Translation Techniques Used in The Translation of Sexual Terms

From the analysis done by researcher, there are eight translation techniques used by the translator to translate sexual terms in subtitle of the movie The Ugly Truth from English into Indonesian language. Most of the techniques are used because of the limitation of sexual terms in the target language. There are eight techniques used by the translator to translate the sexual in the movie. They are literal, adaptation, borrowing, calque, addition, subtraction or omission or deletion, synonym, and particularization.

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Table 4.9 Techniques Used To Translate Sexual Terms in Subtitle of The Movie The Ugly Truth

No. Translation Techniques

Data Number

Amount of Data

Subtraction or Omission or Deletion

7. Synonym

8. Particularization

TOTAL

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2.1. Literal

This translation is almost the same as the word-to-word. Literal translation is applied to translate a word or an expression word for word (Molina and Albir, 2002: 510).The difference is in the replacement of grammar structure of the source language that is adjusted by the target language grammar structure. For example:

1. Context : Abby emphasizes that she knows how to flirt.

Data number : 058/ TUT/ 00:38:08

SL

: I know how to flirt.

TL

: Aku tahu cara menggoda.

The sexual activity term flirt is translated into menggoda by literal technique. It is considered equal because in TL the word menggoda is commonly used. Based on Cambridge Online Dictionary, flirt is to behave as if sexually attracted to someone, although not seriously (http://dictionary.cambridge.org/ dictionary/british/flirt_1?q=flirt).

2. Context : Mike does not like Abby’s trick and tries to avoid it. Data number : 061/ TUT/ 00:38:21

SL : You know what? I wouldn't say that and I wouldn't grab ass.

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TL : Aku tak akan katakan itu, dan aku juga tak akan memegang

bokong.

The sexual organ term ass is translated into bokong in Indonesian language. The translation is easy to be understood by the target language readers. The term ass is also usually translated into pantat. It refers to the fleshy part of the human body that someone sits on (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ass).

Forty one sexual terms (40.20% of data) are translated by literal technique. They consist of 16 sexual organs, 14 sexual activities, 2 sex characters, 3 sexual attractions, 2 sexual equipments, and 4 sexual emotions.

TABLE 4.10 Literal Techniques Used to Translate Sexual Terms Sexual Terms

Data Number

SL

TL

Sexual Organs

001/ TUT/ 00:02:23 balls

keberanian (bola)

005/ TUT/ 00:09:21 tits

Payudara

006/ TUT/ 00:09:22 ass

bokongmu

031/ TUT/ 00:29:06 breast

dada

032/ TUT/ 00:31:56 butt

bokong

044/ TUT/ 00:35:41 breast

dada

047/ TUT/ 00:36:01 boobies

payudara

049/ TUT/ 00:36:20 ass

bokong

050/ TUT/ 00:36:26 ass

bokong

052/ TUT/ 00:37:04 ass

bokong

061/ TUT/ 00:38:21 ass

bokong

062/ TUT/ 00:38:24 ass

bokong

064/ TUT/ 00:41:40 penis

penis

065/ TUT/ 00:42:51 tits

payudara

066/ TUT/ 00:43:07 crotch

selakangan

067/ TUT/ 00:43:55 crotch

selakangan selakangan

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Sexual Terms

Data Number

SL

TL

Sexual Activities

011/ TUT/ 00:13:38 sexual-

harassment

pelecehan seksual

012/ TUT/ 00:13:44 sexually

harassing

melecehkan

015/ TUT/ 00:17:44 hooking up

berkencan

022/ TUT/ 00:18:45 kiss

cium

023/ TUT/ 00:18:51 kiss

cium

029/ TUT/ 00:28:45 naked

telanjang

030/ TUT/ 00:28:50 naked

telanjang 056/ TUT/ 00:38:01 sexually teasing menggoda secara seksual

057/ TUT/ 00:38:07 flirting

menggoda

058/ TUT/ 00:38:08 flirt

menggoda

063/ TUT/ 00:38:46 turning on

bernafsu

091/ TUT/ 00:59:06 slept

tidur

095/ TUT/ 01:03:15 naked

telanjang

102/ TUT/ 01:26:19 fuck

bercinta

Sex Characters

010/ TUT/ 00:12:58 whores

pelacur

055/ TUT/ 00:37:53 stripper

penari telanjang

Sexual Attractions 024/ TUT/ 00: 21:06 hot seksi

025/ TUT/ 00:21:14 hot

seksi

083/ TUT/ 00:58:33 slutty

seronok

Sexual Equipments 004/ TUT/ 00:09:10 lingerie pakaian dalam

077/ TUT/ 00:47:58 brief

celana dalam

Sexual Emotions

036/ TUT/ 00:33:45 lust

nafsu

037/ TUT/ 00:33:46 seduction

godaan

098/ TUT/ 01:05:11 lust

nafsu

101/ TUT/ 01:24:13 passion

nafsu

2.2. Adaptation

Adaptation is a translation technique that replaces the cultural element of a source langauge with another that is appropriate with the target language. Adaptation is the replacement of a ST cultural element with one from the target culture (Molina and Albir, 2002: 509). In this movie, the adaptation technique is applied for translating idioms. For examples: Adaptation is a translation technique that replaces the cultural element of a source langauge with another that is appropriate with the target language. Adaptation is the replacement of a ST cultural element with one from the target culture (Molina and Albir, 2002: 509). In this movie, the adaptation technique is applied for translating idioms. For examples:

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1. Context : On the set, Mike to Georgia. He tries to reveal Georgia and

Larry’s house hold.

Data number : 021/ TUT/ 00:18:06 SL

: I mean, sure, you could dump his ass but, honey, have you seen the eligible men in Sacramento? Oh, God. TL

: Ia bisa kau depak. Tapi apa di Sacramento ini ada pria yang

memenuhi syarat? Astaga.

The idiom above dump his ass is translated into kau depak because in the target language the target readers accept the translated idiom. The meaning of the idioms is to not appear (http://www.americanidioms.net/dumb-ass).

2. Context : Abby and Mike walk down the street. Mike gives suggestion

to Abby.

Data number : 051/ TUT/ 00:36:40 SL

: When we ask you how you’re doing, it’s guy code for: "Let

me stick my dick in your ass."

TL : Saat kami bertanya “apa kabarmu”, itu cuma kode untuk

berhubungan seks.

The idiom let me stick my dick in your ass has berhubungan seks as its equivalence in Indonesian language. The equivalence is considered as accepted and easy to be understood by target readers. It is also considered more polite rather than if it is literally translated. The meaning of the idiom is sexual intercourse (http://www.thesource4ym.com).

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3. Context : Mike throws her a look. Abby catches on. He explains to

Abby and makes her confidence turn up.

Data number : 075/ TUT/ 00:47:07 SL

: Abby, what could be more personal than you flicking your

bean?

TL

: Apa yang lebih pribadi dari masturbasi?

The use of the idiom is considered accurate and acceptable because the meaning is conveyed in accordance with what is meant by the character in the movie. The idiom flicking bean comes from flick the bean that is meant as a form of masturbation of a female where she massages (flicks) the clitoris (bean) (http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=flick+the+bean).

Three sexual activity terms (2.94%) are translated by adaptation technique.

TABLE 4.11 Adaptation Techniques Used to Translate Sexual Terms Sexual Terms

Data Number

SL

TL

Sexual Activities

021/ TUT/ 00:18:06 dump-ass

depak

051/ TUT/ 00:36:40 stick my dick in

your ass

berhubungan seks

075/ TUT/ 00:47:07 flicking

Borrowing technique is a translation technique that take a word or expression straight from another language. It can be pure (without any change) or it can be naturalized (to to fit the spelling rules in the TL) (Molina and Albir, 2002: 510). It is usually performed because of the limited terms owned by the target language.

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a. Pure borrowing

Transliteration or pure borrowing is a technique of translation that defends the originality of target language words. For examples:

1. Context : Mike Chadway, in his TV program namely The Ugly Truth,

answers Abby’s phone call.

Data number : 008/ TUT/ 00:10:38

SL

: You're a lesbian.

TL

: Kau lesbian.

The word lesbian is translated the same as lesbian. The source language word is borrowed exactly the same withouth changing its structure. Only the pronounciation is adjusted with the target language vowel, from / ฀ lɛ zbɪ ən/ into /lésbian/. The word may be used as a noun, to refer to women who identify themselves or who are characterized by others as having the primary attribute of female homosexuality (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian). Otherwise, it is an adjective, to describe characteristics of an object or activity related to female same-sex desire. The word also sounds familiar among the target readers.

2. Context : Mike holds two sexy girls in his arms while entering studio’s

door.

Data number : 028/ TUT/ 00:28:15

SL

: Chemistry. I smell threesome.

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TL

: Aku mencium threesome.

The word threesome is borrowed precisely from source language into target language. It does not change any of its structure or pronunciation. The word threesome refers to an occasion on which three people engage in sexual activity together (http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/threesome?q=threesome).

Nine sexual terms (8.82%) are translated by applying pure borrowing technique. They consist of 4 sexual organs, 1 sexual activity, 1 sexual orientation, and 3 sexual equipments.

TABLE 4.12 Pure Borrowing Techniques Used to Translate Sexual Terms Sexual Terms

Data Number

SL

TL

Sexual Organs

013/ TUT/ 00:15:12 vagina

vagina

046/ TUT/ 00:35:11 vagina

vagina

093/ TUT/ 01:02:10 penis

penis

094/ TUT/ 00:62:58 penis

penis

Sexual Activity

028/ TUT/ 00:28:15 threesome

threesome

Sexual Orientation 008/ TUT/ 00:10:38 lesbian lesbian

Sexual Equipments 043/ TUT/ 00:35:41 bras bra

045/ TUT/ 00:35:58 bra

bra

088/ TUT/ 00:58:58 vibrator

vibrator

b. Naturalization

Naturalization borrowing is a tranlation technique of which the term is borrowed and modified. For examples:

1. Context : Mike Chadway explains in Larry and Georgia’s TV program about the ugly truth of what relationship is like.

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Data number : 014/ TUT/ 00:16:14

SL : It's about social pressure,status and sex. If it weren't for these three things,men and women wouldn't even speak.

TL : Itu hanya soal tekanan sosial, status, dan seks. Jika bukan karena hal ini, pria dan wanita tak akan bicara.

The word sex is borrowed by the target language, and then the spell is adjusted into seks in Indonesian language. The changing does not have any deal with the meaning and the pronunciation. The word sex refers to the property or quality by which organisms are classified as female or male on the basis of their reproductive organs and functions (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/sex)

2. Context : In the control room, Abby looks like she’s going to pass out. Data number : 018/ TUT/ 00:17:52 SL

: She just said "erection" on television.

TL

: Dia baru saja bilang „ereksi‟ di televisi.

The word erection is translated as ereksi. The spelling of the word changed from the source language into the target language. In the Indonesian language, words in foreign languages that have the suffix -ion will be replaced by the suffix -si . For examples; erosion will be translated into the word erosi, navigation will

be translated into navigasi, adaptation will be translated into adaptasi, and so on.

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The word erection refers to the arousal of sexual desires in preparation for sexual behavior (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/erection).

Nineteen sexual terms (18.63%) are translated by naturalization borrowing technique. They consists of 17 sexual activities and 2 sexual diseases.

TABLE 4.13 Naturalization Borrowing Techniques Used to Translate Sexual Terms

Sexual Terms

Data Number

SL

TL

Sexual Activities

014/ TUT/ 00:16:14 sex

seks

017/ TUT/ 00:17:49 erection

ereksi

018/ TUT/ 00:17:52 erection

ereksi

019/ TUT/ 00:17:54 erection

ereksi

020/ TUT/ 00:17:56 erection

ereksi

026/ TUT/ 00:21:28 puberty

puber

038/ TUT/ 00:34:59 orgasm

orgasme

039/ TUT/ 00:35:00 orgasm

orgasme

040/ TUT/ 00:35:03 orgasm

orgasme

041/ TUT/ 00:35:03 orgasm

orgasme

042/ TUT/ 00:35:04 orgasm

orgasme

053/ TUT/ 00:37:14 erection

ereksi

054/ TUT/ 00:37:16 erection

ereksi

068/ TUT/ 00:44:15 sex

seks

074/ TUT/ 00:46:43 masturbating

masturbasi

078/ TUT/ 00:50:29 implants

operasi implantasi

079/ TUT/ 00:50:32 oral sex

oral seks

Sexual Disease

002/ TUT/ 00:02:56 syphilis

sipilis

003/ TUT/ 00:02:58 syphilis

sipilis

2.4. Calque

It is applied to translate phrases or words from source language literally into target language (Molina and Albir, 2002: 510). This technique is usually used to translate the term of source language that has equivalent term in the target language. For examples: It is applied to translate phrases or words from source language literally into target language (Molina and Albir, 2002: 510). This technique is usually used to translate the term of source language that has equivalent term in the target language. For examples:

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1. Context : Mike lights a match and tosses it on the books, setting them ablaze. Then opens up his jacket and takes out a stick with a marshmallow. Begins roasting the marshmallow on the flame.

Data number : 007/ TUT/ 00:09:31

SL : So you wanna win a man over,you don't need 10 steps. You

need one and it’s called a blowjob.

TL : Jika ingin dapatkan lelaki, tak butuh sepuluh langkah. Cukup

satu. Namanya adalah oral seks.

The term blowjob in the source language is translated into oral seks. In the Oxford Online Dictionary, the word blowjob is regarded as vulgar slang and is defined as an act of fellatio that is in the target language more commonly known as oral seks (http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/blow%2Bjob?q=blowjob).

2. Context : A cage of randy Bonobos getting it on. Mike, in a gorilla suit, does a segment, explains about Bonobos, a kind of monkey, and how they live.

Data number : 070/ TUT/ 00:44:22

SL : In fact, when they come upon a new food source they have a

gangbang in order to decrease tension.

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TL : Bahkan, jika mereka menemukan sumber makanan baru, mereka lakukan seks masal untuk redakan ketegangan.

The term gangbang in the source language is translated into seks masal. Oxford Online Dictionary defines gangbang as the successive rape of one person by a group of people or a sexual orgy involving changes of partners , which are in

the target language it can be simplified into seks masal

(http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/gang%2Bbang?q=gangbang).

Eight sexual activity terms (7.84%) are translated by applying calque technique.

TABLE 4.14 Calque Techniques Used to Translate Sexual Terms Sexual Terms

Data Number

SL

TL

Sexual Activities

007/ TUT/ 00:09:31 blowjob

oral seks

016/ TUT/ 00:17:44 had sex

berhubungan seks

027/ TUT/ 00:25:39 blowjob

oral seks

070/ TUT/ 00:44:22 gangbang

seks massal

071/ TUT/ 00:45:49 have sex

berhubungan seks

076/ TUT/ 00:47:18 have sex

bercinta

097/ TUT/ 01:04:05 have sex

berhubungan seks

100/ TUT/ 01:11:16 had sex

berhubungan seks

2.5. Addition

The addition here is the addition of the words in the target language because it needs to. This type of addition is not a matter of choice but a necessity The addition here is the addition of the words in the target language because it needs to. This type of addition is not a matter of choice but a necessity

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(Suryawinata, 2003: 67). There is only one sexual term (0.98%) which is translated by applying addition technique.

1. Context : Mike practices being interviewed by Craig Ferguson. Data number : 096/ TUT/ 01:03:26

SL : She thinks I'm a genius on days when she's not sexually

frustrated.

TL : Dia anggap aku jenius jika tak sedang frustasi pada

kehidupan seksualnya.

The verb phrase sexually frustrated is translated as frustasi pada kehidupan seksualnya . The addition occuring in that translation does not make any change of meaning. The meaning of the utterance is a person who is generally stressed out or frustrated due to either lack of sex/sexual encounters or due to bad sex (http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=sexually%20frustrated). The addition occured because of the differences in the source language grammatical structure that required the presence of the words pada and kehidupan. It is not the matter of choice but a necessity.

TABLE 4.15 Addition Techniques Used to Translate Sexual Terms Sexual Terms

Data Number

SL

TL

Sexual Activity

096/ TUT/ 01:03:26 sexually

frustrated

frustasi pada kehidupan seksualnya frustasi pada kehidupan seksualnya

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2.6. Substraction or Omission or Deletion

Deletion means an omission of word or part of a text of SL in the text of TL (Suryawinata, 2003: 75). This technique occurs when the SL word is considered less important and difficult to translate. The translator applies deletion technique in order to avoid producing a confusing translation for the target readers. Deletion in the data above is used because it was considered less important and it does not reduce the message.

1. Context : Mike gives advice to Abby about her apperance. Data number : 048/ TUT/ 00:36:18 SL

: Vagina says you're trying too hard.

TL : Kalau kau perlihatkan, itu tandanya kau putus asa.

The word vagina is omitted for reason of modesty contained in the target language. The word vagina refers to the muscular tube leading from the external genitals to the cervix of the uterus in women and most female mammals (http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/vagina?q=vagina). It is refined by eliminating the word without changing the meaning conveyed in the sentence.

2. Context : Mike does not believe Abby’s ability in flirting. Data number : 059/ TUT/ 00:38:09 SL

: You know how to flirt?

TL

: Kau tahu? : Kau tahu?

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The word is omitted for reason of repetition of the same word in the previous sentence. The omission is considered to be accurate but less acceptable. It has been found not to reduce the message of the sentence but less acceptable because of the word can be translated as menggoda. The word flirt refers to behaviour as though sexually attracted to someone, but playfully rather than with serious intentions (http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/flirt).

Six sexual terms (5.88%) are translated by applying substraction technique. They consist of 3 sexual organs, 2 sexual activities, and 1 sex character.

TABLE 4.16 Subtraction Techniques Used to Translate Sexual Terms Sexual Terms

Data Number

SL

TL

Sexual Organs

048/ TUT/ 00:36:18 vagina

087/ TUT/ 00:58:55 cock

090/ TUT/ 00:59:01 cock

Sexual Activities

059/ TUT/ 00:38:09 flirt

069/ TUT/ 00:44:18 sex

Sex Character

092/ TUT/ 00:59:33 slut

2.7. Synonym

A synonym is only appropriate where literal translation is not possible and because the word is not important enough for componential analysis (Newmark, 1988: 84). For examples:

1. Context

: Abby does not agree with Mike’s opinion.

Data number : 034/ TUT/ 00:33:34 Data number : 034/ TUT/ 00:33:34

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SL

: Colin would never be a bitch.

TL

: Collin tak akan pernah jadi budak.

The word bitch is translated as budak. Literally, bitch is defined as a pelacur but in the example above translator does not translate that way. The word bitch refers to one's unwilling sexual partner, usually referring to male-on-male rape (http://onlineslangdictionary.com/meaning-definition-of/bitch). Translator prefers the word budak that is considered less acceptable and inaccuracy.

2. Context : Mike gives suggestion to Abby about what she needs to do

toward Collin.

Data number : 072/ TUT/ 00:45:49

SL : But then show him that beneath that control-freak exterior of yours that there's a sexual deviant waiting to be unleashed.

TL : Lalu tunjukkan bahwa di balik sikapmu yang suka mengatur, tersembunyi orang gila seks yang menunggu untuk dibebaskan.

The noun phrase a sexual deviant is translated into orang gila seks. If a sexual deviant is translated into the target language literally, it will be orang yang menyimpang secara seksual. The word deviant refers to somebody with a particularly disturbing sexual preference or straying abnormally far from the

norm (http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=deviant). The translation norm (http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=deviant). The translation

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result is considered as less acceptable because of the message is not well conveyed.

Thirtteen sexual terms (12.75%) are translated by applying synonym technique. They consist of 4 sexual organs, 8 sex characters, and 1 sexual emotion.

TABLE 4.17 Synonym Techniques Used to Translate Sexual Terms Sexual Terms

Data Number

SL

TL

Sexual Organs

084/ TUT/ 00:58:33 cock

penis

085/ TUT/ 00:58:46 cock

penis

086/ TUT/ 00:58:49 cock

penis

089/ TUT/ 00:59:00 cock

penis

Sex Character

033/ TUT/ 00:33:33 bitch

budak

034/ TUT/ 00:33:34 bitch

budak

035/ TUT/ 00:33:35 bitch

budak

072/ TUT/ 00:46:11 deviant

orang gila

073/ TUT/ 00:46:11 deviant

gila

080/ TUT/ 00:58:08 man-whore

gigolo

081/ TUT/ 00:58:11 man-whore

gigolo

082/ TUT/ 00:58:33 man-whore

gigolo

Sexual Emotion

009/ TUT/ 00:11:26 hot

cantik

2.8. Particularization

It is applied to use a more precise or concrete term (Molina and Albir, 2002: 510). It transfers super ordinate term in source language into subordinate term in target language. It is in opposition to generalization. There is only one sexual equipment term (0.98%) which is translated by applying particularization technique. It is: It is applied to use a more precise or concrete term (Molina and Albir, 2002: 510). It transfers super ordinate term in source language into subordinate term in target language. It is in opposition to generalization. There is only one sexual equipment term (0.98%) which is translated by applying particularization technique. It is:

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1. Context : Abby tries to flirt Mike with her trick. She acts like a guy

flirting to a girl.

Data number : 060/ TUT/ 00:38:19 SL

: Hey, babe, you wearing any underwear?

TL

: Hai sayang, kau pakai celana dalam?

The word underwear is a superordinate of the word celana dalam or panties in the source language that acts as a subordinate. The word underwear refers to undergarments some people wear under their outer clothing, consisting of bra and

panties for

women or shorts

and

T-shirts for men (http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=underwear).

TABLE 4.18 Particularization Techniques Used to Translate Sexual Terms

Sexual Terms

Data Number

SL

TL

Sexual Equipment 060/ TUT/ 00:38:19 underwear celana dalam