English Teaching-Learning Activity LITERATURE REVIEW

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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

A. English Teaching-Learning Activity

Accor ding to Brown, Teaching can’t be defined apart from learning. Teaching is guiding and facilitating learning, enabling the learner to learn, setting the conditions for learning. Brown, 2000:7. Your understanding of how the learner learns will determine your philosophy of education, your teaching style, your approach, methods, and classroom techniques. Meanwhile, Alvin W. Howard’s definition about teaching: “Teaching is an activity that tries to help someone to acquire, change or develop skills, attitudes, ideas, appreciations, and knowledge.” Howard, 1968:18. It means that teaching causes learning to have improvement. According to William C. Morse and G. Max Wingo, teaching means “The understanding and guiding of children as individuals and as groups, “Morse and Wingo, 1968:10. Learning a second language is a long and complex undertaking. Language learning is not a set of easy step in a quick do-it-yourself kit. According to Kimble and Garmezy, “Learning is a relatively permanent change in a behavioral tendency and as the result of reinforced practice.” Kimble and Garmezy, 1963:133. Similarly, teaching, which is implied in the first definition of learning, may be defined as “showing or helping someone to learn how to do something, 4 commit to user giving instruction, guiding in the study of something, providing with knowledge, causing to know or understand. Brown, 2000:7. Learning is an activity or a work which is done by learner during teaching and learning process. According to Hamer 1998:33, learning can be defined as “The process of accepting the knowledge”. Thus, there is a response between the teacher and the learner. They should support each other to gain the achievement. Meanwhile, breaking down the components of the definition of learning we can extract, as we did with long, domains of research and inquiry: 1. Learning is acquisition or “greeting”. 2. Learning is retention of information or skill. 3. Learning implies stores systems, memory, cognitive organization, events outside or inside the organization. 4. Learning is relatively permanent but subject to forgetting. 5. Learning involves some form of practice, perhaps reinforced practice. 6. Learning is a change in behavior. According to Ernest 1984:4 learning is the process by which an activity originated or changed through training procedure whether in the laboratory or in the natural environment. Ernest, 1984:4 Similarly, Garry and Kingsley stated that learning is a process of the change behavior by the experiences and practices. Garry and Kingsley, 1970: 15 commit to user We will have a change if we learn. What we get from learning will change behavior in ourselves.

B. Teaching Grammar