v
TABLE OF CONTENT
Abstrak i
Abstract ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Content v
List of Tables viii
List of Figures ix
List of Abbreviations, Symbols and Nomenclatures xi
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background
1 1.2
Problem Statement 3
1.3 Objectives
3 1.4
Scope of Project 4
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 Polymer Blends
5 2.1.1 Thermoset Elastomer TSE
7 2.1.2 Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE
7 2.2
Current Development of Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE 13
2.2.2 Epoxidised Natural Rubber ENR based Thermoplastic Elastomer 13 2.2.3 Polypropylene based Thermoplastic Elastomer
14 2.3
Compounding Process for Polymer Blends 16
2.3.1 Method of Melt Blending 17
2.3.1.1 Twin – Screw Extruder
17
vi 2.3.1.2 Two Roll Mill
18 2.3.1.3 Injection Molding
19 2.3.1.4 Internal Mixer
20 2.4
Fabrication Process for Polymer Blends 21
2.4.1 Cold Press 21
2.4.2 Hot Press 22
2.5 Curing Process
23 2.5.1 Peroxide Vulcanisation
23 2.5.2 Mixed Vulcanisation
24 2.5.3 Sulphur Vulcanisation
24 2.6
Properties of Polymer Blends 28
2.6.1 Physical Properties of Polymer Blends 28
2.6.2 Thermal Properties of Polymer Blends 29
2.6.3 Mechanical Properties of Polymer Blends 31
2.7 Influence of Thermal Degradation on Tensile Properties
34 2.7.1 Morphological Characteristics of Tensile Fractured Under Influence
of Temperature 38
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 40
3.1 Characterization of Raw Materials
42 3.1.1 Polypropylene PP
42 3.1.2 Epoxidised Natural Rubber ENR
43 3.1.3 Reclaimed Rubber
44 3.1.4 Vulcanisation Agent
44 3.2
Sample Preparation 45
3.2.1 Blending of PPENRRR in Internal Mixer 45
3.2.1.1 Phase I: Preparation of ENRRR Blend 46
3.2.1.2 Phase II: Preparation of PPENRRR 47
3.2.2 Palletizing 48
3.3 Hot Pressing
49 3.3.1 Compression Molding Process
49 3.4
Testing and Analysis 51
3.4.1 Mechanical Testing 51
vii 3.4.1.1 Tensile Test
51 3.4.2 Physical Testing
54 3.4.2.1 Density ASTM D-792
54 3.4.3 Morphological Analysis
55 3.4.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM
55 3.4.4 Thermal Analysis
56 3.4.4.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry ASTM D3418
56
CHAPTER 4: RESULT DISCUSSION 57
4.1 Introduction
57 4.2
Properties and Analysis 58
4.2.1 Mechanical Test 58
4.2.1.1 Tensile Strength 58
4.2.1.2 Elongation at Break 61
4.2.1.3 Young’s Modulus
64 4.2.2 Physical Test
69 4.2.2.1 Density Test
69 4.2.3 Thermal Analysis
70 4.2.3.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry Test
70 4.2.4 Morphology Analysis
73 4.2.4.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM
73
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATION 77
