MARXIST CRITICISM MARXIST CRITICISM Findings

STRUGGLE AGAINST TYRANICAL REGIME IN TOLSTOY’S HADJI MURAD

1904: MARXIST CRITICISM

PUBLICATION ARTICLE Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education in English Department Proposed by: ARIFAH NURUL FAUZI A 320 060 188 SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA 2015 i v STRUGGLE AGAINST TYRANICAL REGIME IN TOLSTOY’S HADJI MURAD

1904: MARXIST CRITICISM

Arifah Nurul Fauzi Dr. M. Thoyibi, M.S Titis Setyabudi, S.S, M.Hum School of Teacher Training and Education Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta arifahfauzigmail.com Abstract The major problem of this study is describing the struggle to fight against tyrannical regime in Chechnya reflected in Leo Tolstoy’s Hadji Murad . The objective of this study is to analyze the novel based on Marxist approach. The writer employs qualitative method. The object of the study is Leo Tolstoy’s novel Hadji Murad published in 1904. The writer uses two data sources: primary and secondary. The primary data source is the text of Hadji Murad by Leo Tolstoy, published by Pensylvania State University and the secondary data source are references and materials related to the study which are taken from books or internet. The technique of data collection is documentation and the technique of data analysis is descriptive analysis. Based on the analysis, the writer gets two conclusions. First, through Hadji Murad novel, Tolstoy delivers a message that hero is a matter of perspective. Second, the Hadji Murad novel reflects the social realities of the Chechen Muslims in the struggling against the Russian tyrannical regime that reflect Tolstoy’s support to the proletariat class. Keywords: struggle, tyranny, regime, Hadji Murad, Marxist, Tolstoy. ii PERJUANGAN MELAWAN KEZALIMAN REZIM DI KARYA TOLSTOY HADJI MURAD

1904: KRITIK MARXIST

Arifah Nurul Fauzi Dr. M. Thoyibi, M.S Titis Setyabudi, S.S, M.Hum Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta arifahfauzigmail.com Abstrak Fokus penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan perjuangan melawan kezaliman rezim di Chechnya yang tercermin dalam novel karya Leo Tolstoy yang berjudul Hadji Murad . Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa unsur-unsur yang membangun novel berdasarkan pendekatan Marxist. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif. Objek penelitian ini adalah novel Hadji Murad karya Leo Tolstoy yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1904. Penulis menggunakan dua sumber data yaitu: primer dan sekunder. Sumber data primer penelitian ini adalah naskah novel Hadji Murad karya Leo Tolstoy, yang diterbitkan oleh Pensylvania State University dan data sekunder penelitian ini adalah referensi-referensi dan materi-materi yang berhubungan dengan penelitian ini yang diambil dari buku atau internet. Teknik pengumpulan data dari penelitian ini adalah dokumentasi dan teknik analisa data penelitian ini adalah analisis deskriptif. Berdasarkan analisa tersebut, penulis mendapatkan dua kesimpulan. Pertama, melalui novel Hadji Murad , Tolstoy menyampaikan pesan bahwa pahlawan adalah masalah perspektif. Kedua, novel Hadji Murad merefleksikan iii realita sosial dari Muslim Chechnya dalam berjuang melawan kezaliman rezim Rusia yang mencerminkan dukungan Tolstoy terhadap kelas proletariat. Kata kunci: perjuangan, zalim, rezim, Hadji Murad, Marxist, Tolstoy. iv

A. Introduction

Hadji Murad is the last novel written by Tolstoy before he died in 1910 and it was published in 1904 in Russian language. Then it is translated into English by Louise and Aylmer Maude. This novel which contains 135 pages and 25 chapters is written based on Tolstoys experience when he became a Russian army. The setting of place is at Chechnya, Russia and the setting of time is during the Caucasian War in 1851-1852. The novel captures an episode of the Caucasian War in Chechnya where the Muslim-Avars of Chechen struggle against the Russian Empire’s conquest under the command of Imam Shamil. As the title suggests, Tolstoy takes Hadji Murad based on a real figure named Hadji Murad, an Imam Shamil’s naib that was trapped between the Russian Empire’s side and the Chechen Muslim- Avars’ side. Tolstoy depicts many conflicts in the novel and he ends it up by the tragic death of Hadji Murad. There are three previous studies that deal with Hadji Murad. The first study is done by Paul Friedrich entitled Tolstoy, Homer, and Genotypical Influence Friedrich, 2004. It is a comparative literature study whose objective is to find and to describe Homer’s influence on Tolstoy’s novel. Paul Friedrich used four different perspectives in his study: biography, fundamental values and themes, phenotypical traits, and genotypical poetics. To do so, Paul Friedrich refers mainly at Tolstoy’s The Cossacks and Hadji Murad . Paul Friedrich concludes that Tolstoy is influenced by Homer and the type of influence is genotypical influence which means Homer ’s work is the source of Tolstoy’s work. The second study was done by Jeff Love entitled Tolstoy: A Guide for the Perplexed Love, 2008. The object of his study is to find patterns in Tolstoy’s art and thought. To do so, Love refers to aspects of Tolstoy’s life, considering briefly the narrative efforts to give form and meaning to life, and Tolstoy’s The Cossacks , War and Peace , Anna Karenina , and Hadji Murad . Love comes to a conclusion that Tolstoy’s style in art and thought are striving and the plurality, movement, and change. 1 The third study was done by Michael Church entitled A Thistle in Russia’s side Church, 2005. It is a historical study about the past conflicts of the Caucasus that reflected in Tolstoy’s novels The Cossack and Hadji Murad . Church found that in Hadji Murad , there is a parallel between two main figures pitted against each other, there are Shamil and Nicholas I. They represent two poles of absolutism - Asiatic and European. He also found that Hadji Murad is symbolized by a thistle that Tolstoy had once self-laceratingly failed to uproot. In this research, I only focus on describing the struggle to fight against tyrannical regime on the major character, Hadji Murad in the Hadji Murad novel based on classic Marxist approach by Karl Marx.

B. Research Method

The object of the study of this research paper is Leo Tolstoy’s Hadji Murad published in 1904. Type of data in this study is text that consists of words, phrase and sentences. For the data source, there are two categories data in this research: primary data source and secondary data source. The primary data source is the text of Hadji Murad by Leo Tolstoy, published by Pensylvania State University and the secondary data source are references and materials related to the study whether picking up from the books or internet. In analyzing the novel, the data is collected through the documentation and the technique of data analysis is using the descriptive analysis.

C. Research Findings and Discussion

In analyzing Hadji Murad novel, I use Marxist Criticism by Karl Marx. For that, I use four elements of Marxist criticism, namely historical materialism, alienation, class struggle, and revolution.

1. Findings

After analyzing Hadji Murad novel, the researcher finds out some findings as follow: 2

a. Historical Materialism

In “the German Ideology” Marx 1998 considers that history is determined by material production condition. So, social changes occurred when there is a change in people’s way of production. There are two things that can chang e people’s way of production that are called as base and superstructure Marx, 1859. Base or infrastructure consists of two points, there are productive forces and relations of production. Superstructure or ideology consists of two points, there are institutional arrangements and collective consciousness arrangements. Those two points is used by the ruling class to legitimate the power of social class which owns the means of economic production Eagleton,

2006: 3.