1. Basic trust vs. Basic Mistrust Birth to 18 Months
The oral-sensory stage of psychosocial development occurs during our first year of life, the time of our greatest helplessness. The first demonstration of social
trust in the baby is the ease of his feeding, the depth of his sleep, and the relaxation of his bowels. The infant’s first social achievement is his willingness to let mother out of
sight without undue anxiety or rage, because she has become an inner certainty as well as an outer predictable.
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The infant is totally dependent on the mother for survival, security, and affection.
A sense of basic trust requires a feeling of physical comfort and minimum experience of fear or uncertainty.
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It helps the individual to grow psychologically and to accept new experiences willingly. Each successful outcome of his trust tends to
produce favorable, expectations of new experiences which always offer occasions for mistrust. The general state of trust implies not only that one has learned to rely on the
sameness and continuity of the outer providers, but also that one may trust one-self and the capacity of one’s own organs, to cope with urges.
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So the providers will not need to be on guard lest they be nipped.
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt 18 Months to 3 Years
In this stage, an individual is way of experiencing accessible to introspection; way of behaving, observable by others; and unconscious inner states determinable by
test and analysis. Holding on and letting go; are two simultaneous sets of social modalities for the experimentation n this stage. To hold; can become a destructive and
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Erik H. Erikson. Childhood and Society, 2
nd
ed. New York: W.W Norton Company, 1963. p. 247
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Henry W. Maier. Three Theories of Child Development; the Contributions of Erik H. Erikson, Jean Pidget, and Robert R. Sears, and Their Applications. New York: Harper Row, 1965. p. 31
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Erik H. Erikson 1963. op. cit. p. 248
cruel retaining or restraining, and it can become a pattern of care: to have and to hold. To let go; can turn into inimical letting loose of destructive forces, or it can be
become a relaxed “to let pass” and “to let be.” During this stage an individual learns to master skills for himself. Not only
does he learns to walk, talk and feed himself, he is learning finer motor development as well as the much appreciated toilet training. Here he has the opportunity to build
self-esteem and autonomy as he gain more control over his bodies and acquire new skills, learning right from wrong.
3. Initiative vs. Guilt 3 to 5 Years
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