a. Major character This is the three-dimensional or more common word as round
character. They reveal the bad and the good traits. They have goals, ambitions and values that change as the result of what happen to them.
b. Minor character This is the two-dimensional or commonly called flat characters. They
have only one or two significant traits. They are usually all good or all bad. 1993: 24
2. Theory of Characterization
In Understanding Unseen, Murphy defines nine ways of make easier to understand the character 1972: 161-173. There are:
a. Personal description It is the author’s description of a person’s appearance and clothes. The
author describes the character in details; the face, skin, eyes, and the castaway’s extraordinary clothing, for example white man wears a knightly
cloth b. Character as seen by others
The author tries to describe a character through the eyes and opinion of other characters. Through the other’s eyes and opinion, the readers may get
a reflected image. The author succeeds in conveying to us through his choice of words and phrases; for example, another woman is seen through a man’s
eyes. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
c. Speech The author gives us a description of character or an insight into the
character of one person through what the person says. The author presents some clues to character whenever a person speaks, whenever he is in
conversation with another of whenever he states his opinion. d. Past life
The author gives us keys or clues to any events that have helped to shape a person’s character so that we can learn something about a person’s
life. This can be done a few ways, such as direct comment by author, through the person’s thought, through his conversation or the medium of another
person. e. Conversation of Others
Through the conversation of other people and the things they say about someone, the author can also give us the clues to person’s character.
People do talk about other people and the things they say usually can give us a clue to the character of the person spoken about.
f. Reactions Knowing a person’s character can also be observed by knowing how
that person reacts or responds to various situations and events that are presented by the author.
g. Direct comment The author can describe of comment on a person’s character directly.
By giving comments explicitly, the readers will not be left in doubt to know what sort of a person he is.
h. Thoughts The readers can know one’s character through the direct knowledge of
what a person has in mind presented by the author. Here, the readers have a privilege position to come the inmost thought of a person in a story.
i. Mannerism Knowing a person’s character by observing his mannerism, of habits
that are given by the skillful author
3. Theory of Setting
The researcher employs theory of setting that belongs to Kennedy – Gioia and Murphy. Kennedy and Gioia stated that setting are time and place, but it may
include atmosphere and weather in their book An Introduction to Fiction. In addition, the time is substantial to a story because it is a true measurement for the
flow of the story. As for the place is the idea of physical environment of a story. Then the atmosphere is the dominant mood or feeling that present at each corner
of the story with variety categories that suits each event that is built within. Lastly the weather is a crucial point that equals the character as it effect the setting.
2010: 107 – 108. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Murphy, in Understanding Unseen, it suggests similar ideas except the weather that is suggested earlier by Kennedy and Gioia. Those are three points
that need to be concerned in order to understand setting of a story. There are time, place and atmosphere as below,
a. Time Murphy classifies setting of time into four. First, present time, the
author writes the literary work based on surrounding event. Second, past time, is to go backwards in time. It mostly used to tell historical events. Third,
future time is to take readers with the author imagination into the future. The last, no specific time, is the moment that the author doesn’t give a specific
indication of time in occurrence of events 1972: 143 – 145. b. Place
Based on Murphy, the author assigns three kind of setting of place. First, the author uses familiar setting of place to the readers. The second, the
author uses unfamiliar setting of place to the readers. The last, the author uses imaginary setting of place that no one familiar at all.1972: 145.
c. Atmosphere Atmosphere is a general feeling that is conveyed to the readers. The
atmosphere could be the breath or mood of the characters. The atmosphere is abstract. Atmosphere covers the story. The readers indicate the novel’s
atmosphere by feeling sorrow, happy, evil, optimistic, and so on after reading the novel 1972: 146.
