ISLAMIC KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES TOWARD HIV/AIDS AMONG UNDERGRADUATES IN UPM SERDANG

Al-Fikra: Jurnal Ilmiah Keislaman, Vol. 16, No. 2, Juli – Desember , 2017 (176 – 202)

attitudes toward Sarma&Thankappan, 2000).

Koopman&Chartier,

However, these two Based on the past literature

HIV/AIDS.

different mean values showed that studies, the

male had better attitudes toward undergraduates had better knowledge

HIV/AIDS as compared to female. This than their female counterparts in this

result was in contrast with the results current study because ofthatthe males

of earlier research studies where had greater exposure of education on

found that females were more tolerant HIV/AIDS

and positive attitudes toward HIV/AIDS Koopman&Chartier, 2006), and might

(Pramanik,

(Baron & Byrne, 2002; Ganczak et al.,

be also that the males were more 2007; Tavoosi et al., 2004). comfortable to talk and learn about HIV/AIDS more than females who may

However, it was consistent with

be feel shy or not comfortable to talk the finding of Tan and colleagues about such sensitive issue (Jose et al.,

(2007) which mentioned that male 2011).

showed more acceptance and positive Table 7: HIV/AIDS knowledge between

attitudes than their female couterparts. male and female

The reason of that the male showed more favourable attitudes could be

Variable Mean

Sig.(2-

due to the male had high level of

knowledge about HIV/AIDS than Fe-

Tailed)

Male female, which directly lead their male

(p)

positive attitudes toward HIV/AIDS. This reason can be supported by the

HIV/AIDS

past findings which found that there Knowledge

was a significant correlated between knowledge

and attitudes toward Note.p is significant at value ≤ 0.001

HIV/AIDS (Montazeri, 2005; Meundi et al.,

2008;Rahnama et al.,

The Attitudes toward HIV/AIDS

2011;Suominen et al., 2011).

between Male and Female

From the Table 8, T-test was Table 8: Attitudes toward HIV/AIDS applied to compare the attitudes

between male and female toward HIV/AIDS between male and

female. The findings reported that

Mean Sig.(2- there was a significant difference of

Variable

t Tailed) attitudes toward HIV/AIDS across

Fe- (p) gender with the t-value 3.334 (p ≤

Male

male 0.001). Therefore, null hypothesis was

successfully rejected. This current

Attitudes

finding was consistent with the prior

85.04 80.39 3.334 0.001 research studies which indicated that

toward

HIV/AIDS

there was a significant gender difference

Note.p is significant at value ≤ 0.001 HIV/AIDS diseases (Baron & Byrne,

2002; Ganczak et al., 2007; Tan et al.

The Unique Predictor of Attitudes

2007; Tavoosi et al., 2004).

toward HIV/AIDS

The reported mean values of Multivariate regression was used attitudes toward HIV/AIDS were 85.04

to study the association of multiple (male) and 80.39 (female), and this

variables with select the unique revealed that both male and female

Hanina Halimatussaidiyah Hamsan, Lee Mei Siah; Islamic Khowledge and Attitudes Toward HIV/AIDS among undergraduates in UPM Serdang

predictors of the scores for attitudes

-0.128 0.031 toward HIV/AIDS. From the the

Student’s

gender

analysis in Table 9 showed thatboth

0.283 0.000 variables where gender and level of

HIV/AIDS

Knowledge

HIV/AIDS Knowledge to predict the attitudes scores toward HIV/AIDS

74.015 0.000 were statistically significant (p ≤

Constant

0.001). Hence, null hypothesis was

0.114 successfully rejected. The adjusted R

F 17.559 square value was 0.114 and this

0.000 indicated that students’ gender and knowledge contribute only 11.4% of

Note.p is significant at value ≤ 0.001 variance in attitudes toward HIV/AIDS.

However,thelevel

of

HIV/AIDS

Summary of the Findings

Knowledgeemerged the most unique Table 10 in the below showed predictor

the summary of the result of research attitudesscoresamong undergraduates

objectives based on hypotheses of the Human Ecology, UPM(F =

testing in the current study. A total of 7 17.559, p ≤ 0.001 and β = 0.283).

hypotheses were tested in this study and all hypotheses were successfully

Table 9: Unique predictor of attitudes

rejected.

toward HIV/AIDS Variable

Table 10: Summary of findings on hypotheses testing

In general, the findings of this study revealed that the majority of

Sepecific Objectives

Hypothesis

Statistical respondents

Result had low Conclusion level of knowledge and negative attitudes Test toward HIV/AIDS. A summary of the

To describe personal

Descriptive research findings in this study can be - - characteristic

(gender), explained according to the research level of knowledge on

objectives and its hypotheses. First, HIV/AIDS, and attitudes

findings presented that the level of toward HIV/AIDS.

knowledge in HIV/AIDS was significant To

Pearson correlated to the attitudes toward r = 0.315 Rejected therelationship

determine

Hо1

between Correlation HIV/AIDS of the respondents. There p ≤ 0.001 knowledge and attitudes

significantly showed that toward HIV/AIDS.

was

respondents who gained high score in To

the knowledge of HIV/AIDS generally T-Test t = 3.958 Rejected knowledge

positive p ≤ 0.001 attitudes toward ofHIV/AIDSbetweenmale

had

HIV/AIDS. Secondly, the result also and female.

showed that there was a significant To compare the attitudes

difference between male and female T-Test t = 3.334 Rejected towardHIV/AIDSbetween

Hо3

on knowledge of and attitudes toward p ≤0.001 male and female.

HIV/AIDS. There was significantly indicated

that 2 more male To determine what factors

undergraduates had higher knowledge Multiple R = 0.114, Rejected uniquely predict attitudes

Hо4

Regression and more positive attitudes toward F = 17.559 toward HIV/AIDS.

HIV/AIDS if compared to the female p ≤ 0.001 195

Al-Fikra: Jurnal Ilmiah Keislaman, Vol. 16, No. 2, Juli – Desember , 2017 (176 – 202)

undergraduates. Lastly, the analyses The result showed that there also reported that the level of

was a significant relationship between knowledge in HIV/AIDS was the most

and attitudes toward unique predictor as compared to the

knowledge

HIV/AIDSof the respondents (p ≤ factor of

0.001). The positive correlation (r = (gender) that contributed to the

personal

characteristic

indicated that the attitudes toward HIV/AIDS among

undergraduates who had higher level undergraduates of Human Ecology in

of HIV/AIDS knowledge generally had UPM, Serdang. Therefore, this study in

attitudes toward overall concluded that knowledge of

more

positive

HIV/AIDS. Therefore, this finding was HIV/AIDS play an important role to

generally supported by the idea of influence undergraduates’ attitudes

several prior researchers which they toward HIV/AIDS.

have found that those students with In conclusion, this research of

high level of knowledge on HIV/AIDS study has reached the research

had more favourable attitudes toward objectives that have been addressed

(Meundi et al., as below:Objective 1: To

HIV/AIDS

2008;Montazeri, 2005; Suominen et personal characteristic (gender), level

describe

al., 2011; Tavoosi et al., 2004). of knowledge on HIV/AIDS and

Objective 3: To compare the attitudes toward HIV/AIDS The first

knowledge of HIV/AIDS between male objective in this study was to identify

and femaleThe result of Objective 3 the respondents’ gender, knowledge

was computed by using T-test, found and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS. The

that there was a significant difference total sample of this study consists of

level in knowledge of HIV/AIDS 110 (40%) males and 165 (60%)

male and female females from Faculty of Human

between

undergraduates of Human Ecology, Ecology in UPM, Serdang. Meanwhile,

UPM (t = 3.958, p ≤ 0.001) where the the HIV/AIDS Knowledge and Attitudes

male undergraduates (M = 24.14)had Scales for Hispanic were used to

higher level of knowledge about access respondents’ knowledge and

than the female attitudes toward HIV/AIDS. Result of

HIV/AIDS

undergraduates (M = 20.53). This the item analyses concluded that

result was consistent with several past majority

a high (71.64%) had low level of HIV/AIDS

of theundergraduates studies which reported

knowledge on HIV/AIDS among male knowledge (25 and belowscore, M =

than

their

female counterparts

21.97, SD = 7.151) and they also (Ganczak et al., 2007; Jose et al., showed

2011; Pramanik, Koopman&Chartier, towardHIV/AIDS (M = 82.25, SD =

negative

attitudes

2006; Vasan, Sarma&Thankappan, 11.534). The students’ knowledge and

attitudes toward HIV/AIDS in this Objective 4: To compare the current resultwas consistent with the

attitudes toward HIV/AIDS between findings in the previous studies which

male and female .The finding of indicated knowledge about HIV/AIDS

Objective 4 was also computed by was significant influence the attitudes

using T-test, showed that there was a toward HIV/AIDS (Montazeri, 2005;

significant difference in attitudes Meundi et al., 2008;Rahnama et al.,

towardHIV/AIDS across gender among 2011; Suominen et al., 2011). This

undergraduates of Human Ecology, means that low understanding of

UPM (t= 3.334, p≤0.01)where the male knowledge on HIV/AIDS education can

had more positive attitude toward directly contribute to their negative

HIV/AIDS (M = 85.04) compared to attitudes toward HIV/AIDS.

counterparts (M = 196

theirfemale

Hanina Halimatussaidiyah Hamsan, Lee Mei Siah; Islamic Khowledge and Attitudes Toward HIV/AIDS among undergraduates in UPM Serdang

80.39).This current

finding

was

general similar with the previous research result which indicated that male showed more acceptance and positive attitudes as compared to the female (Tan et al., 2007). However, it was inconsistent with the findings of earlier research studies where found that females were more tolerant and positive attitudes toward HIV/AIDS (Baron & Byrne, 2002; Ganczak et al., 2007; Tavoosi et al., 2004) Objective 5:To determine what factors uniquely predict attitudes toward HIV/AIDSThe result of Objective 5 was analyzed by using a multiple regression revealed that the regression coefficient was

significant (R 2 = 0.114, F = 17.559, p ≤ 0.001) where the level of HIV/AIDS knowledgeindicated the most unique predictor in predicting the attitudes toward

HIV/AIDS

among

undergraduates of Human Ecology, UPM. (β = 0.283, p ≤ 0.001).

Implications

This current research study offers some important contributions. In short, the findings showed that the knowledge

as more

significant

predictors of attitudes

toward

HIV/AIDS and there also was a significant relationship between the knowledge

and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS. Hence, this showed that knowledge play an important role to influence

the attitudes

among

undergraduates of Human Ecology.As evidenced by the present results, the higher level of knowledge about HIV/AIDS

could lead

to

more

favourable attitudes toward HIV/AIDS and this finding was consistent with past

studies (Montazeri,

Meundiet al., 2008;Rahnama et al., 2011;Suominen et al., 2011). Thus, it is quite important to have a deeper understanding on HIV/AIDS education among undergraduates of Human Ecology since they will possibly recognized as an important role to

take the responsibility of social welfare in their future work. Therefore, this precise information can be useful for UPM to implement the relevant program, intervention and prevention strategies in aiding them to enhance their awareness about the right perception on HIV/AIDS and this can contribute them to develop more humanistic and positive attitudes toward HIV/AIDS.

Additionally, the result of the study

also revealed that undergraduates of Human Ecology had a low level of knowledge and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS. From the findings, male performed better in knowledge and showed more positive attitudes

than their female counterparts. These findings imply that there is need to address, especially emphasizes

on

the female undergraduates’ misconceptions about the HIV/AIDS and attitudes toward the disease. As stated by Chen et al. (2007), the increase in accurate knowledge and improve understanding of HIV/AIDS are important to reduce the negative attitudes. Thus, this is a good time to promote more HIV/AIDS education program to disseminate facts about HIV/AIDS among relevant university students especially female students of Human Ecology in UPM, in order to raise their knowledge level such as a clearer understanding of how HIV/AIDS canbe transmitted and this most likely to bring about a highly positive attitudes towardHIV/AIDS.

Recommendations

From the findings of this study, several recommendations are made for future research. First, the current study only examined the knowledge and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS among undergraduates in UPM, Selangor because of the constraint of time and cost. Hence, future researchers are suggested

to implement higher representativeness sampling method

Al-Fikra: Jurnal Ilmiah Keislaman, Vol. 16, No. 2, Juli – Desember , 2017 (176 – 202)

and also increase the sample size

BIBILIOGRAPHY

such as included the other universities in Malaysia. This can get more

Abiona, A. (2006). Influence of comprehensive information or data so

primordial culture and HIV/AIDS that

programme on population.Secondly,

can generalize

stigmatization of HIV/AIDS samples of this study only focus on

the

target

patients in Oyo and Osun university undergraduates.

States,Nigeria: Premise for suggested that future studies to

It

is

education conduct a research that included the

community

intervention. International people from different age range and

Journal of African & African broader personal background so that

American Studies, 5 (1), 1-9. the characteristics of whole transitional

Ayranci,U.(2005). AIDS knowledge stage of human development that

and attitudes in a Turkish occur between childhood to adulthood

population:Anepidemiologicalstu which could explore the difference in

Public Health, knowledge level and attitudes toward

dy.BMC

5(95).doi:10.1186/1471-2458-5- HIV/AIDS among Malaysians. This can

Alm, L., Tan, effective strategic to increase the

help our country to find the best and

Albrektsson, M.,

X.,&Andersson, R. (2009). awareness of

HIV/AIDS awareness, Malaysian

HIV/AIDS

among

attitudes and risk behavior transitional stage.Lastly, there are

among university students in many

Wuhan, China. Open AIDS characteristics) that can influence the

other factors

(antecedent

3(3), 55–62. knowledge and attitudes toward

Journal,

doi: 10.2174/1874613600903010 HIV/AIDS

investigated by past literature studies. Aluede, O., Imhonde, H.O., Maliki, A. Other factors

E.,&Alutu, A. N.G. (2005). (Maimaitiet al., 2010; Tan et al., 2007),

such

as faculty

Assessing

age (Visser, Makin&Lehobye, 2006; Nigerian University students’ Zhang et al., 2008), race and ethnicity

about HIV/AIDS, (Varas-Díaz, Serrano-García& Toro- Journal of Social Alfonso, 2005), culture (Abiona, 2006;

knowledge

Ellepola et al., 2011), religion (Vasan, Science, 11(3), 207-213. Sarma&Thankappan,

Brehm, S.S., Kassin, S.M., & Fein, S. experience of personal interaction with

and

(2002). Social Psychology.5th HIV/AIDS infected people (Visser,

edition. Boston: MacGraw Hill. Makin&Lehobye, 2006). However, this

Chen, J., Choe, M. K., Chen, S., & current research only considers the

Zhang, S. (2007).The effects of respondents’ gender to review the

individual-andcommunity-level knowledge and attitudes toward

knowledge, beliefs, and fear on HIV/AIDS.

stigmatization of people living recommended to increase the scope in

with HIV/AIDS in China.AIDS future study so that researchers able

19(5), 666-673. to draw stronger conclusion and more

Care,

doi:10.1080/0954012060098857 relevant implications. A better research

Colbert, A. M., Kim, S. M., Sereika, S. should be going into depth of the

M., &Erlen, J. A. (2010). An scope for investigating the real profile

Examination ofthe Relationships of the respondents.

Among Gender, Health Status, Social Support, and HIV-Related

Hanina Halimatussaidiyah Hamsan, Lee Mei Siah; Islamic Khowledge and Attitudes Toward HIV/AIDS among undergraduates in UPM Serdang

Stigma.Journal

of

the

http://www.popcouncil.org/Hor

Association of Nurses in AIDS

izons/ORToolkit/AIDSQuest/to

Care, 21(4), 302-

pics/attitudes.html

313.doi:10.1016/j.jana.2009.11.4 Israel, G. D. (2009). Determining Ellepola, A. N. B., Joseph, B. K.,

size. Retrieved Sundaram, D. B., & Sharma, P.

sample

20, 2011, N.(2011).Knowledge

November

and

from http://www.edis.ifas.ufl.ed

attitudes towards

HIV/AIDS

u/pd006

amongst Kuwait university dental Jose, O., Totona, K., Begani, A., students. European Journal of

Andew, T., Tombe, B., &Begani, Dental Education, 15 , 165-171.

R. (2011).Knowledge, attitudes doi:10.1111/j.16000579.2010.006

and beliefs on HIV/AIDS among 52.x

tertiary students in Papua New Ganczak, M., Barss, P., Alfaresi, F.,

Guinea.World Journal of AIDS,1, Almazrouei, S., Muraddad, A.,&

50-61.

Al-Maskari, F.(2007). Break the doi:10.4236/wja.2011.12009 silence: HIV/AIDS knowledge,

Namal, N., Vehid, attitudes, and educational needs

Koksal,

S.,

E. (2005). among Arab university students

S.,&Yurtsever,

Knowledge and attitude towards in United Arab Emirates. Journal

among Turkish of Adolescent Health, 40 ,

HIV/AIDS

students.Infectious Diseases 572.e1–572.e8.

Journal of Pakistan, 14(4),118- doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.01

.011 Lau J. T. F.,&Tsui, H.Y. (2005). Global AIDS Response

Discriminatory attitudes towards Progress Report (2012). Disease

Country

people living with HIV/AIDS and Control

associated factors: A population HealthMalaysia. Kuala Lumpur:

Division,Ministry

of

based study in the Chinese Malaysia.

population. Sexually 12,2012,

Transmitted Infections,

from http://www.moh.gov.my/im

ages/gallery/Report/GLOBAL_

119.doi:10.1136/sti.2004.011767

Li, Y.,& S, Craig. (2008). Chinese GlobaAIDSOverview.(2011).AIDS.govo

AIDS_Endorsed_DG.pdf

students’ HIV/AIDS nline.Retrieved May 14, 2011,

nursing

knowledge,attitudes and from

practices intention.Applied Nurse

http://www.aids.gov/federal-

Res., 21 , 147-152.

resources/around-the-

Li, X. H., Wang, H. H., Williams, A., &

He, G. P. (2009). Stigma HIV/AIDS and maternity care in

world/global-aids-overview/

reported by people living with Kenya: how fears of stigma and

HIV in South Central China. discrimination affect uptake and

Janac-Journal of the Association provision of labor and delivery

of Nurses in Aids Care, 20(1). services. AIDS Care, 20(8).

22-30.

938–945. doi:10.1016/j.jana.2008.09.007 HIV Research Domains: Topic A

Mahat, G., & Eller, L. S. (2009). Attitudes.

and universal Council online.Retrieved October

(n.d).

Population

HIV/AIDS

precautions: Knowledge and 2,

from

attitudes of Nepalese nursing students. Journal of Advanced

Al-Fikra: Jurnal Ilmiah Keislaman, Vol. 16, No. 2, Juli – Desember , 2017 (176 – 202)

Nursing, 65(9), 1907–1915.doi:

http://www.boundless.org/200

10.1111/j.1365-

5/articles/a0002116.cfm#

2648.2009.05070.x Movahed, M., &Shoaa, S. (2010). On Maimaiti,

towards HIV/AIDS Abdurahim, A.,&Tohti, N. (2010).

N., Shamsuddin,

K.,

attitude

among Iranian students (Case Knowledge, attitude and practice

study: High school students in regarding

Shiraz city). Pakistan Journal of University

HIV/AIDS

among

Biological Sciences,13(6), 271- Xinjiang.Global Journal of Health

Science, 2(2), 51-60. Naing, C. M., Hakim, M., Ang, D. T. Y., McManus, A., &Dhar, L. (2008). Study

Koo, R. M., Tan, C. Y., Kong, K. of knowledge perception and

J., &Siew, S. S. K. (2010). attitudes of

HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, adolescent

attitudes and perceptions: A STI/HIV, safer sex and sex

girls

towards

cross-sectional household education: A cross sectional

survey.Southeast Asian J Trop survey of urban adolescent

Med Public Health, 41(4), 952- school girls in South Delhi, India.

C. J., & Kamal, S. F. Health8(12).doi:10.1186/1472-

BMC

Women’s

Ng,

(2006).Bridging the gap between 6874-8-12

adolescent sexuality and HIV Meundi, A.D., Amma, A., Rao, A.,

urban Malaysian Shetty, S.,&Shetty, A.K. (2008).

risk:

the

perspective.Singapore Med J, 47 Cross-sectional

population-

, 482-90.

based study of knowledge, Norman, L. R., Carr, R., &Jime´nez, J. attitudes,

(2006). Sexual stigma and regarding HIV/AIDS in Dakshina

and

practices

Attitudes toward Kannada District of Karnataka,

sympathy:

persons living with HIV in India.Journal of the International

Jamaica.Culture, Health Association of Physicians in

&Sexuality,8(5), 423–433. AIDS Care, 7(1), 27-34. doi:

O’Connell, T.S., &Cuthbertson, B. 10.1177/1545109707302088

(2009).Diversity.Group dynamics Monjok, E., Smesny, A., &Essien E. J.

recreation and leisure: (2009). HIV/AIDS-related stigma

in

conscious groups and discrimination in Nigeria:

creating

an experiential Review of research studies and

through

approach.

future directions for prevention Retrieved February 21, 2012, from strategies. Africa Journal of

http://books.google.com.my/b

Reproductive Health.13(3).21–

ooks?id=pBONJXoZ4fIC&dq=

35. personal+characteristics+defi

Montazeri, A. (2005). AIDS knowledge

nition&source=gbs_navlinks_

and attitudes in Iran: Result from

a population-based survey in Ojebuyi, B. R. (2009).Increasing Tehran. Patient Education and

knowledge about Counseling,57,

people’s

HIV/AIDS: An investigation into doi:10.1016/j.pec.2004.05.014

199-203.

the effectiveness of reading as a Moreland,

communication strategy.Journal Knowledge. Retrieved December

J.P. (2009).What

is

of Health Management, 11(3), 3,

Hanina Halimatussaidiyah Hamsan, Lee Mei Siah; Islamic Khowledge and Attitudes Toward HIV/AIDS among undergraduates in UPM Serdang

488.doi:10.1177/0972063409011 Kenya.ActaUniversitatisOuluensi 00302

s D995. Oulu: University of Oulu. Parker, R., Aggleton (2002). HIV/AIDS-

Sowell, R. L. (2004). Access to all: related

Time to make a theme the discrimination: A

stigma

and

reality. Journal of the Association conceptual framework and an

of Nurses in AIDS Care, 15(3), agenda for action. Horizons

21-22.

Suominen, T., Karanja-Pernu, C., Retrieved October 2, 2011, from

Program, Tulane

University.

Kylma,

J., Houtsonen, J.,

http://hivaidsclearinghouse.un

&Va¨lima¨ki, M.

esco.org/search/resources/hor

(2011).Knowledge, attitudes and

risk behaviour related to HIV and Piero, M. (2010).Learning the terms

izons.pdf

AIDS: The case of International undergraduate vs. graduate.

students in a Finnish University.J Retrieved December 3, 2011,

Community

Health.doi

from http://www.brighthub.com/

10.1007/s10900-010-9353-3

education/college/articles/860

Tan, X., Pan, J., Zhou, D., Wang, C.,

&Xie, C. (2007). HIV/AIDS Pramanik, S., Koopman, C., &Chartier,

76.aspx

attitudes and M. (2006).HIV/AIDS stigma &

knowledge,

assessment of knowledge among predominantly

behaviors

A middle-class

Chinese

students:

questionnaire study.International students

high

school

of Environmental India.TheJournal

Research and Public Health, Communicable Diseases, 38(1),

of

4(3), 248-253. 57-69.

Tavoosi, A., Zaferani, A., Enzevaei, A., Rahnama, R., Rampal, L., Lye, M.S.,

Tajik, P., &Ahmadinezhad, Z. &Rahman, H. A. (2011).Factors

(2004).Knowledge and attitude influencing students’ attitude

HIV/AIDS among towards HIV/AIDS in a Public

towards

Iranian students.BMC Public University, Malaysia.Global

Health, 4(17). Journal of Health Science, 3(1),

The World Health Report (WHO). 128-134.

Changing history. doi:10.5539/gjhs.v3n1p128

Bulletin of the World Health Sallar, A. M. (2009). Correlates of

Organization, 82(6), 477-478. misperceptions

Tung, W. C., Ding, K., & Farmer, S. knowledge and attitude towards

in

HIV

(2008). Knowledge, attitudes, people living with HIV/AIDS

and behavioursrelated to HIV (PLWHAs) among in-school and

AIDS among college out-of-school adolescents

and

students in Taiwan. Journal of Ghana.Africa

Science, 9(2), 82–91. Association of Nurses in AIDS Sandelowski,

Care, 19(5), 397–408. &Barroso, J. (2004).Stigma in

Turan, J. M., Miller, S., Bukusi, E. A., HIV positive women.Journal of

Sande, J.,& Cohen, C. R. (2008). Nursing Scholarship, 36(2), 122-

HIV/AIDS and maternity care in 128.

Kenya: how fears of stigma and Serlo, K. (2008). University students’

discrimination affect uptake and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS in

provision of labor and delivery Finland

and

in

Al-Fikra: Jurnal Ilmiah Keislaman, Vol. 16, No. 2, Juli – Desember , 2017 (176 – 202)

doi: 945.

services. AIDS Care, 20(8). 938–

187.

10.1177/1049732304272059 Turhan, O., Senol, Y., Baykul, T., Saba,

Visser, M. J., Makin, J. D., Lehobye, K. R.,

(2006).Stigmatizing attitudes of (2010).Knowledge, attitudes and

&Yalçin,

A. N.

the community towards people behaviour of students from a

living with HIV/AIDS.Journal of Medicine

&Applied Social faculty, and Medical Technology

Psychology, 16 ,42–58. doi: Vocational

10.1002/casp.836 toward HIV/AIDS.

Training

School

Zhang, L., Li, X., Mao, R., Stanton, B., International Journal of Occupational

Zhao, Q., Wang, B., &Mathur, A. Medicine and Environmental

(2008).Stigmatizing attitudes Health,23(2),

people living with doi10.2478/v10001-010-0008-5

among college Uutela, A. (1985). Pupils’ Concept

HIV/AIDS

students in China: Implications about

for HIV/AIDS education and Determines Them and How They

Epilepsy:

What

prevention.Health are Changed after an Educaional

Education,108(2), 130-144. Program. Research Reports of

doi:10.1108/0965428081085558 Social Psychology 2.University

of Helsinki,

Yliopistopaino,

Helsinki.UNAIDS World AIDS Day Report(2011).Joint United Nations

Programme

on

HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS).United Nations. Upreti, D., Regmi, P., Pant, P., &Simkhada, P. (2009). Young people’s knowledge, attitude, and behaviour on STI/HIV/AIDS in the context of Nepal: A systematic

review.Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 7(4), 383-391.

Vasan, S. S. LAL.R.S., Sarma, P. S., &Thankappan, K. R. (2000). Knowledge and attitude of college students in Kerala

towards

HIV/AIDS,

sexually transmitted diseases and sexuality. The National Medical Journal of India,13 , 231-236.

Varas-Díaz, N., Serrano-García, I. & Toro-Alfonso, J. (2005). AIDS- related

interaction: Puerto Ricans living with

HIV/AIDS.

Qualitative

Health Research, 15 (2), 169-

202