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Table 3.2 Writing Assignment Labeling Writer
Semester Coding
Student 1 1
SA1.A 2
SA1.B 3
SA1.C Student 2
1 SA2.A
2 SA2.B
3 SA2.C
Student 3 1
SA3.A 2
SA3.B 3
SA3.C
3.6 Data Analysis
The study investigated grammatical metaphor in the participants’ research articles and the written characteristics contributed by the use of the metaphor in their writings that include lexical
density, abstraction, nominalization, implicit internal logical relations; impersonal constructions; and clear text structures. Data analysis in the study involved the theory of grammatical metaphor,
especially that developed by Halliday 1998 for ideational metaphor; that by Halliday and Matthiessen 2004 for Interpersonal Metaphor, and that by Martin 1992 for textual metaphor.
For ease of analysis, abstracts and texts in tables or figures found in the research articles were not analysed. In addition, due to the concern of the study which was on the participants’
writings, excerpts of videoaudio recorded observationinterviews and direst quotation from data were not analysed.
The method used to analyse the grammatical metaphor investigated in this study is elaborated in the following.
3.6.1 Ideational Metaphor
Due to time constraints, the analysis of ideational metaphor was only conducted on the metaphorical realization at the structural configuration level, leaving aside the metaphorical
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realization at the rank level. Since meaning realization at both levels are closely interrelated, meaning that a metaphorical realization at the rank level also affects the clause configuration at
the structural level Halliday, 1998; Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004, the metaphorical realization at the structural level was inevitably identified during the analysis.
Clause was the unit of analysis as is the tradition in systemic functional linguistics. With regard to rank movement, each clause was analysed whether it figure was a metaphorical
realization of clauses sequence, and further down, whether groups or phrases or words elements within that clause metaphorically realize clause figure. As for structural
configuration, the study uses Halliday’s 1998 taxonomy of Ideational grammatical metaphor as illustrated in the following table.
Table 3.3 Ideational Metaphor Halliday, 1998 No
Semantic Type Class Shift
Congruent Metaphorical 1
Quality Entity
Adjective noun
2 Process
Entity Verb
noun 3
Circumstance[minor process]
Entity Prepositional phrase
noun 4
Relator Entity
Conjunction noun
5 Process
Quality Verb
adjective 6
Circumstance Quality
Adverb adjective; prepositional phrase
adjective; prepositional phrase noun modifier
7 Relator
Quality Conjunction
adjective 8
Circumstance Process
Bego + preposition verb
9 Relator
Process Conjunction
verb 10
Relator Circumstance
Conjunction prepositional phrase
11 Entity
noun 12
Process verb
13 Entity
Modifier of entity Noun
various
The metaphorical realizations of conjunctions were used to identify logical metaphor, i.e. types 4, 7, 9, and 10; while the remaining realizations, i.e. types 1-3, 5, 6, 8, and 13, were used to
identify experiential metaphor. Types 11-12 were not taken into account in the analysis since these metaphorical forms do not have congruent forms.
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On analyzing a clause, types of ideational metaphor occurring in a clause was first identified with notation. Then, the number of each type of ideational metaphor was totaled. An
example of analysis on ideational metaphor at a clause level is presented in excerpt [3.1] below.
[3.1] His research found that integrative reasons for second language learning are most significant
13 2 5
4 13 2
among the respondents, which are 234 Korean 9
th
graders
6
The analysis of ideational metaphor on all clauses from each research article was then totaled as exemplified to that on a clause and presented in Table 3.4 below.
Table 3.4 Sample Analysis of Ideational Metaphor Ideational Metaphor
Typestotal ExperientialTypes
Total 1
2 3
5 6
8 13
- 2
- -
1 -
2 .ogicalTypes
Total 4
7 9
10 -
- -
1 -
- -
- -
-
More example of ideational metaphor analysis can be seen in Appendix 3.6.1.
3.6.2 Interpersonal Metaphor
