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On analyzing a clause, types of ideational metaphor occurring in a clause was first identified with notation. Then, the number of each type of ideational metaphor was totaled. An
example of analysis on ideational metaphor at a clause level is presented in excerpt [3.1] below.
[3.1] His research found that integrative reasons for second language learning are most significant
13 2 5
4 13 2
among the respondents, which are 234 Korean 9
th
graders
6
The analysis of ideational metaphor on all clauses from each research article was then totaled as exemplified to that on a clause and presented in Table 3.4 below.
Table 3.4 Sample Analysis of Ideational Metaphor Ideational Metaphor
Typestotal ExperientialTypes
Total 1
2 3
5 6
8 13
- 2
- -
1 -
2 .ogicalTypes
Total 4
7 9
10 -
- -
1 -
- -
- -
-
More example of ideational metaphor analysis can be seen in Appendix 3.6.1.
3.6.2 Interpersonal Metaphor
Since interpersonal metaphor covers areas of Modality and Mood, these two resources of interpersonal metaphor were also analysed in this study.
There are three points to note regarding the analysis of interpersonal metaphor in this study. First of all, since projection is a characteristic of interpersonal metaphor that is manifested
in the metaphors of mood and modality Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004; the unit of analysis for cases of interpersonal metaphor involving projection was both the projecting and the projected
clauses see excerpts [3.2] to [3.4] below. Secondly, the projected propositions were then further analysed to classify to which interpersonal metaphor type the metaphorical clause belongs: 1
projection that manifests the writer’s assessment was classified as modality metaphor see excerpt [3.3] ; 2 projection that manifests the writer’s detachment from the proposition or
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proposal and assigns it to others including manifestation through a “dummy it” construction, sources of authority and others that render evidence to the proposition Halliday and
Mattihessen, 2004 – see excerpt [3.2]. Thirdly, incongruent realization of speech functions of statement, question, offer and command as another was classified as a case of mood metaphor
see excerpt [3.3]. A sample analysis of interpersonal metaphor is exemplified in excerpts [3.2] through
[3.4] below.
[3.2] During the first three meetings, observation showed that students respond well in any of the groupings on
student’s initiatives, indicating the higher level of receptiveness among these upper intermediate students SA.3A
[3.3] it is clear that the nature of the learning situation will influence a student’s level of motivation. SA.2A
[3.4] To avoid doing so, teachers are recommended to help these learner. SA.3A
Projection is present in both excerpt [3.2] and [3.3] but that in [3.2] is used by the writer to strengthen her proposition through reference to source of evidence, i.e. observation, shifting
modal responsibility from herself to the observation. This shift in modal responsibility is a case of mood metaphor and thus interpersonal metaphor in [3.2] was classified as a case of mood
metaphor. In contrast, despite similar writer detachment from the proposition, the projection in [3.3] denotes the writer’s certainty regarding the proposition that the nature of the learning
situation will influence a student’s level of motivation; hence a case of modality metaphor. On the other hand, the indicative mood of excerpt [3.4] realizes a proposal which is congruently
realized by imperative. Such incongruent realization of mood function was classified as mood metaphor.
A more comprehensive example of interpersonal metaphor analysis in the study can be seen in Appendix 3.6.2.
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3.6.3 Textual Metaphor
