CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. The Description of the Textbook
The subject of this study is an English textbook entitled Linked to the World 1 English for Senior High School
grade X first and second semester published by
Yudhistira in 2007. This textbook is developed based on the 2006 curriculum and
it is written by F.A. Soeprapto and Mariana Darwis. The textbook consists of 135 pages and 7 units which are divided into two
semesters. The first semester consists of 3 units while the second semester consists of 4 units. Each unit presented in two cycles of language those are oral
and written cycle. Oral cycle include listening and speaking, while written cycle include reading and writing. There are also pronunciation and functional skill
which are available in oral cycle; and grammar which is integrated in written cycle. The whole units are presented based on the genre of the texts. They are 2
narrative themes, 2 news items themes, 1 descriptive theme, 1 recount theme and 1 procedure theme. Furthermore, there are 18 texts in the book; 6 texts are
available in oral cycle and 12 texts are available in written cycle.
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B. Data Description
As the writer’s previous statement that she will use the Flesch Reading Ease Formula and the Cloze Procedure Test to get the readability level of the reading
texts in the textbook.
1. The Flesch Reading Ease Formula
To gain the readability score by using Flecsh Reading Ease Formula, the first step that has to be done by the writer is by counting the number of
sentences from each text. Then, the second step is counting the number of words of each text. The third is counting the number of syllables of each text.
She counted all the number of sentences, words and syllables manually and she uses dictionary to help her in counting the syllables.
Then, after she gets all of them, the next step is finding the Average Sentence Length ASL that is the number of words divided by the number of
sentences. Furthermore, to gain the Average Syllables per Word ASW score she divided the number of syllables by the number of words of the texts. The
last, she counted all of them by using the Flesch Reading Ease Formula to find the readability score.
The following table is showing the calculation results of the sentences, words and syllables of the six texts.
Table 4.1 The Number of Sentences, Words and Syllables Counting
No. Text
Number of Sentences
Number of Words Number of
Syllables
Text 1 19
290 429
Text 2 26
300 409
Text 3 24
372 586
Text 4 20
256 354
Text 5 14
408 678
Text 6 28
311 432
2. The Cloze Procedure Test
The second technique that is used by the writer in finding the readability of the textbook is by using the cloze procedure test. The writer gave the cloze
procedure test to the 36 of the tenth grade students of Madrasah Aliyah Pembangunan UIN, Jakarta. She deleted between the 5
th
to 12
th
words in the texts and the students are asked to complete the texts by using the words
which are given in the box. The percentage of the deleted words of each text is described below:
1. The first text entitled John’s English Teacher
The number of words in this text is 290 and the number of the deleted words is 40. Therefore, the percentage of the deleted words is 13.79.
2. The second text entitled Lions
The number of words in this text is 300 and the number of the deleted words is 37. So, the percentage of the deleted words is 12.33.
3. The third text entitled Life in Ancient Rome
The text consists of 372 words and the number of the deleted words is 50, means that the percentage of the deleted words is 13.44 .
4. The fourth text entitled Steve’s Favorite Sport
The text consists of 256 words and the number of the deleted words is 31, means that the percentage of the deleted words is12.11.
5. The fifth text entitled Rossi Sweeps to Australian GP Victory
The number of the words in this text is 408 and the number of the deleted words is 47, means that the percentage of the deleted words is 11.51.
6. The sixth words entitled An Unforgettable Experience
The text consists of 311 words and the number of the deleted words is 40, means that the percentage of the words deletion is 12.86.
C. Data Analysis
1. The Flesch Reading Ease Formula
In analyzing the data by using the Flesch Reading Ease Formula, the writer uses the following formula:
RE = 206.835 – 1.015 X ASL – 84.6 X ASW
Furthermore, to find out the number of the Average Sentence Length ASL, the writer divided the number of words by the number of sentences.
While, to gain the Average Syllables per Words ASW she divided the number of syllables by the number of words.
The following is the calculation of the Average Sentence Length ASL and Average Syllables per Word ASW of the six texts:
1. Text 1 entitled: John’s English Teacher; 19 sentences, 290 words, and
429 syllables
ASL = Number of words : Number of sentences ASL = 290 : 19 = 15.26
ASW = Number of syllables : Number of Words ASW = 429 : 290 = 1.48
2. Text 2 entitled: Lions; 26 sentences, 300 words and 409 syllables
ASL = Number of words : Number of sentences ASL = 300 : 26 = 11.54
ASW = Number of syllables : Number of Words ASW = 409 : 300 = 1.36
3. Text 3 entitled: Life in Ancient Rome; 24 sentences, 372 words and
586 syllables
ASL = Number of words : Number of sentences ASL = 372 : 24 = 15.5
ASW = Number of syllables : Number of Words ASW = 586 : 372 = 1.57
4. Text 4 entitled: Steve’s Favorite Sport; 20 sentences, 256 words and
354 syllables
ASL = Number of words : Number of sentences ASL = 256 : 20 = 12.8
ASW = Number of syllables : Number of Words ASW = 354 : 256 = 1.38
5. Text 5 entitled: Rossi Sweeps to Australian GP Victory; 14 sentences,
408 words and 678 syllables
ASL = Number of words : Number of sentences ASL = 408 : 14 = 29.14
ASW = Number of syllables : Number of Words ASW = 678 : 408 = 1.66
6. Text 6 entitled: An Unforgettable Experience; 28 sentences, 311
words and 432 syllables
ASL = Number of words : Number of sentences ASL = 311 : 28 = 11.11
ASW = Number of syllables : Number of Words ASW = 432 : 311 = 1.39
To get more clear description, the writer put the calculation result of Average Sentence Length ASL and Average Syllables per Word ASW in
the following table:
Table 4.2 The Result of ASL and ASW Calculation
No. Text
The Average Sentence Length ASL
The Average Syllables per Word ASW
Text 1 15.26
1.48 Text 2
11.54 1.36
Text 3 15.5
1.57 Text 4
12.8 1.38
Text 5 29.14
1.66 Text 6
11.11 1.39
After counting the number of ASL and ASW, the next step is finding the readability score by using the Flesch Reading Ease Formula:
RE = 206.835 – 1.015 X ASL – 84.6 X ASW
Text 1 John’s English Teacher
for ASL and ASW score see table 4.2
ASL = 15.26
ASW = 1.48
RE = 206.835 – 1.015 X ASL – 84.6 X ASW
= 206.835 – 1.015 X 15.26 – 84.6 X 1.48 = 206.835 – 15.489 – 125.208
= 66.14
Text 2 Lions
ASL = 11.54
ASW =1.36 RE
= 206.835 – 1.015 X ASL – 84.6 X ASW = 206.835 – 1.015 X 11.54 – 84.6 X 1.36
= 206.835 – 11.713 – 115.056 =
80.07
Text 3 Life in Ancient Rome
ASL = 15.5
ASW = 1.57
RE = 206.835 – 1.015 X ASL – 84.6 X ASW
= 206.835 – 1.015 X 15.5 – 84.6 X 1.57 = 206.835 – 15.732 – 132.822
= 58.28
Text 4 Steve’s Favorite Sport
ASL = 12.8
ASW = 1.38
RE = 206.835 – 1.015 X ASL – 84.6 X ASW
= 206.835 – 1.015 X 12.8 – 84.6 X 1.38 = 206.835 – 12.992 – 116.748
= 77.09
Text 5 Rossi Sweeps to Australian GP Victory
ASL = 29.14
ASW = 1.66
RE = 206.835 – 1.015 X ASL – 84.6 X ASW
= 206.835 – 1.015 X 29.14 – 84.6 X 1.66 = 206.835 – 29.577 – 140.436
= 36.82
Text 6 an Unforgettable Experience
ASL = 11.11
ASW = 1.39
RE = 206.835 – 1.015 X ASL – 84.6 X ASW
= 206.835 – 1.015 X 11.11 – 84.6 X 1.39 = 206.835 – 11.277 – 117.594
= 77.96
In order to complete this analysis, the writer put the results of the Flesch Reading Ease calculation into the Readability Charts by following the three steps:
1. Find the average sentence length and word length of your piece of writing
on the chart. 2.
Take a straightedge or ruler and connect the two figures. 3.
The intersection of the straightedge or ruler with the center column shows your readability score.
Figure 4.1 The Readability Chart of the Text Entitled
John’s English Teacher
John’s English Teacher
The readability chart shows that text 1 John’s English Teacher is in the Plain English Level since it lies between 15.26 words per sentence and 1.48
syllables per word. Therefore it gains the readability score of 66.14.
Figure 4.2 The Readability Chart of the Text Entitled
Lions
Lions
The readability chart shows that text 2 Lions is in the Easy Level since it lies between 11.54 words per sentence and 1.36 syllables per word. Therefore
it gains the readability score of 80.07.
Figure 4.3 The Readability Chart of the Text Entitled
Life in Ancient Rome
Life in Ancient Rome
The readability chart shows that text 3 Life in Ancient Rome is in the Fairly Difficult Level since it lies between 15.5 words per sentence and 1.57
syllables per word. Therefore it gains the readability score of 58.28.
Figure 4.4 The Readability Chart of the Text Entitled
Steve’s Favorite Sport
Steve’s Favorite Sport
The readability chart shows that text 4 Steve’s Favorite Sport is in the Fairly Easy Level since it lies between 12.8 words per sentence and 1.38
syllables per word. Therefore it gains the readability score of 77.09.
Figure 4.5 The Readability Chart of the Text Entitled
Rossi Sweeps to Australian GP Victory
Rossi Sweeps to Australian GP Victory
The readability chart shows that text 5 Rossi Sweeps to Australian GP Victory is in the Difficult Level since it lies between 29.14 words per sentence
and 1.66 syllables per word. Therefore it gains the readability score of 36.82.
Figure 4.6 The Readability Chart of the Text Entitled
an Unforgettable Experience
An Unforgettable Experience
The readability chart shows that text 6 An Unforgettable Experience is in the Fairly Easy Level since it lies between 11.11 words per sentence and 1.39
syllables per word. Therefore it gains the readability score of 77.96.
2. The Cloze Procedure Test
In analyzing the cloze procedure test, the writer correct the students’ answers of each texts and counting the number of the students’ right answers.
The following table shows the number of students’ right answers in the six texts:
Table 4.3 The Frequency of the Students’ Right Answers in Each Text
Frequency of the Right Answers Text 1
Text 2 Text 3
Text 4 Text 5
Text 6 No. Name
of Students
The number
of the deleted
words = 40
The number
of the deleted
words = 37
The number
of the deleted
words = 50
The number
of the deleted
words = 31
The number
of the deleted
words = 47
The number
of the deleted
words = 40
1. Student
1 27 29 31 25 27 36
2. Student
2 32 32 37 19 24 29
3. Student
3 24 21 31 19 19 34
4. Student
4 34 37 40 30 25 32
5. Student
5 37 35 29 26 25 28
6. Student
6 38 37 29 23 27 31
7. Student
7 40 37 25 26 29 26
8. Student
8 39 34 34 26 22 30
9. Student
9 15 33 30 20 28 30
10. Student
10 13 34 50 30 20 38
11. Student
11 24 33 50 29 20 40
12. Student
12 24 29 28 27 22 29
13. Student
13 30 36 28 22 30 28
14. Student
14 29 29 33 20 28 34
15. Student
15 27 31 25 21 19 26
16. Student
16 25 4 24 21 30 39
17. Student
17 25 30 24 28 27 27
18. Student
18 30 35 24 31 26 37
19. Student
19 26 35 25 29 35 29
20. Student
20 20 28 24 23 27 27
21. Student
21 22 30 41 23 26 28
22. Student
22 30 29 29 20 24 37
23. Student
23 30 30 30 27 34 40
24. Student
24 25 37 25 25 24 36
25. Student
25 31 37 25 28 21 36
26. Student
26 26 35 30 28 23 38
27. Student
27 32 36 24 26 23 31
28. Student
28 26 31 23 31 22 31
29. Student
29 28 29 24 29 23 35
30. Student
30 28 36 30 25 21 32
31. Student
31 30 28 30 24 19 34
32. Student
32 24 30 31 24 22 35
33. Student
33 24 30 29 22 30 32
34. Student
34 29 28 25 24 23 33
35. Student
35 25 35 25 21 31 33
36. Student
36 29 30 25 22 21 35
Total 998 1,130 1,067 894 897 1,176
After counting the number of students’ right answers, the writer continues the analysis by counting the percentage of the students’ right answers by using the
following formula:
P = f x 100 Where
P = Percentage
N f
= frequency of the right answer N
= number of item
The following table is the counting result of the percentage of the students’ right answers:
Table 4.4 The Percentages of the Students’ Correct Answers in the Cloze Test
The Percentage of the Students’ Correct Answers No. Name
of Students
Text 1 Text 2
Text 3 Text 4
Text 5 Text 6
1. Student 1
67.5 78.38 62 80.64 57.45 90 2. Student
2 80 86.49 74 61.29 51.06 72.5
3. Student 3
60 56.76 62 61.29 40.42 85 4. Student
4 85 100 80 96.77 53.19 80
5. Student 5
92.5 94.60 58 83.87 53.19 70 6. Student
6 95 100 58 74.19 57.45
77.5 7. Student
7 100 100 50 83.87 61.70 65
8. Student 8
97.5 91.90 68 83.87 46.81 75 9. Student
9 37.5 89.19 60 64.52 59.57 75
10. Student 10
32.5 91.90 100 96.77 42.55 95 11. Student
11 60 89.19 100 93.55 42.55 100
12. Student 12
60 78.38 56 87.10 46.81 72.5 13. Student
13 75 97.30 56 70.97 63.83 70
14. Student 14
72.5 78.38 66 64.52 59.57 85 15. Student
15 67.5 83.78 50 67.74 40.42 65
16. Student 16
62.5 10.81 48 67.74 63.83 97.5 17. Student
17 62.5 81.08 48 90.32 57.45 67.5
18. Student 18
75 94.60 48 100 55.32 92.5 19. Student
19 65 94.60 50 93.55 74.47 72.5
20. Student 20
50 75.67 48 74.19 57.45 67.5 21. Student
21 55 81.08 82 74.19 55.32 70
22. Student 22
75 78.38 58 64.54 51.06 92.5 23. Student
23 75 81.08 60 87.10 72.34 100
24. Student 24
62.5 100 50 80.64 51.06 90 25.
Student 77.5 100 50 90.32 44.68 90
25 26. Student
26 65 94.60 60 90.32 48.94 95
27. Student 27
80 97.30 48 83.87 48.94 77.5 28. Student
28 65 83.78 46 100 46.81 77.5
29. Student 29
70 78.38 48 93.55 48.94 87.5
30. Student 30
70 97.30 60 80.64 44.68 80 31. Student
31 75 75.67 60 77.42 40.42 85
32. Student 32
60 81.08 62 77.42 46.81 87.5 33. Student
33 60 81.08 58 70.97 63.83 80
34. Student 34
72.5 75.67 50 77.42 48.94 82.5 35. Student
35 62.5 94.60 50 67.74 65.96 82.5
36. Student 36
72.5 81.08 50 70.97 44.68 87.5
Total 2,495 3,054.09
2,134 2,883.87
1,908.51 2,940 Average 69.30
84.83 59.28
80.11 53.01 81.67
From the above analysis it can be seen that: 1.
The first text entitled “John’s English Teacher” gain the cloze test score of 69.30.
2. The first text entitled “Lions” gain the cloze test score of 84.83.
3. The first text entitled “Life in Ancient Rome” gain the cloze test score of
59.28. 4.
The first text entitled “Steve’s Favorite Sport” gain the cloze test score of 80.11.
5. The first text entitled “Rossi Sweeps the Australian GP Victory” gain the
cloze test score of 53.01. 6.
The first text entitled “An Unforgettable Experience” gain the cloze test score of 81.67.
D. Data Interpretation
In this research, the writer focuses in analyzing the readability level of the selected reading texts on the textbook for senior high school entitled Linked to the
World by using the Flesch Reading Ease Formula and Cloze Procedure Test. After analyzing the data through the Flesch Reading Ease Formula by
counting the number of sentences words and syllables; then continued by counting the Average Sentence Length ASL and Average Syllables per Words ASW;
and the last finding the readability score by using Flesch Reading Ease Formula, the writer interprets the results as follows: The Readability score of text 1 entitled
John’s English Teacher is 66.14; the readability score lies between 60-70; it can be interpreted that the text 1 is in the level of Plain English. The second text
entitled Lions gain the readability score of 80.07; the readability score lies between 80-90, it means that the text 2 is in the level of Easy. The third text
entitled Life in Ancient Rome has result 58.28 or the readability score lies between 50-60, it means that text 3 is in the level of Fairly Difficult. For the text 4 entitled
Steve’s Favorite Sport gain the readability score of 77.09 and text 6 entitled An Unforgettable Experience has result score of 77.96; it means that both of their
score are in the average of 70-80, it can be interpreted that either the text 4 or the text 6 is in the Fairly Easy Level. The last is the text 5 which gain the readability
score of 37; the average readability score lies between 30-50, it means that the fifth text is in the level of Difficult.
While after analyzing the data from the cloze test by counting the students’ right answers and its percentage, it can be interpreted that the first text entitled
John’s English Teacher gain the cloze test score of 69.30, it means that the score of the text is over 60 so, it is in Independent Level. Next, the second text
entitled Lions gain the cloze test score of 84.83, it means that the score of the text is over 60 so, it is in Independent Level. Furthermore, the third text entitled
Life in Ancient Rome gain the cloze test score of 59.28, it means that the score of the text is approximately 40-60 so, it is in Instructional Level. Then, the
fourth text entitled Steve’s Favorite Sport gain the cloze test score of 80.11, it means that the score of the text is over 60 so, it is in Independent Level. The
fifth text entitled Rossi Sweeps the Australian GP Victory gain the cloze test score of 53.01, it means that the score of the text is approximately 40-60 so, it is
in Instructional Level.
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusion
After describing, analyzing and interpreting the data above the writer makes conclusion that by using the Flesch Readability Formula the first text entitled
John’s English Teacher has the readability score of 66; it means that the text is readable for the 8
th
and 9
th
grade students. The second text entitled Lions has the readability score of 80; it means that the text is readable for the 6
th
grade students. Furthermore, the third text entitled Life in Ancient Rome has the readability score
of 58; it means that the text is readable for the 10
th
-12
th
grade of students. Next, the fourth text entitled Steve’s Favorite Sport and the sixth text entitled An
Unforgettable Experience gain the readability score of 77 and 78; it means that both of them are readable for the 7
th
grade students. The last is the fifth text entitled Rossi Sweeps to Australian GP Victory gain the readability score of 37, it
means that the text is readable for the college students. Hence, it can be concluded that by using the Flesch Reading Ease Formula
there are five texts that readable for the tenth grade students those are, text 1
“John’s English Teacher”, text 2 “Lions”, text 3 “Life in Ancient Rome”, text 4 “Steve’s Favorite Sport” and text 6 “An Unforgettable Experience” but there is
only one text which is appropriate for the tenth grade students that is the third text
entitled Life in Ancient Rome.
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