vii 2.1.3 Classification of Titanium
8 2.1.4 Mechanical properties of Titanium
11 2.1.5 Application of Titanium
13 2.2 Ti6Al4V
14 2.2.1 Properties of Ti6Al4V
15 2.2.2 Microstructure of Ti6Al4V
16 2.2.3 Heat Treatment of Ti6Al4V
17 2.2.3.1 Introduction
17 2.2.3.2 Heat treatment
18 2.2.4 Oxidation of Ti6Al4V
27 2.2.5 Application
29
3. METHODOLOGY
30
3.1 Methodology
32 3.1.1 Material Selection
32 3.1.2 Sample Preparation
33 3.1.2.1 Material Cutting
34 3.1.2.2 Heat treatment
34 3.1.2.3 Hot mounting
35 3.1.2.4 Label the specimens
36 3.1.2.5 Grinding and polishing
36 3.1.2.6 Etching
39 3.1.3 Testing Method
40 3.1.3.1 Morphology analysis
40 3.1.3.1.1 X-Ray Diffraction XRD Analysis
40 3.1.3.2 Hardness Test
41 3.1.3.2.1 Rockwell Hardness Test
41
viii
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 43
4.1
Microstructure Observation
43 4.2
Hardness Test
46 4.3
X-Ray Diffraction XRD Results
47 4.4
Analysis and Comparison of the Result
48 4.4.1 Effect of Heat Treatment Process, Cooling Medium and Hardness
of Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloys Samples 48
4.4.2 Effect of Microstructure to the Hardness of Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloys Samples
49
6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
51
4. REFERENCES 53
5. APPENDICES
55
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
1.1 Flow Chart Scope of Study.
04 2.1
Examples of Application Titanium Used In the GE-90 Aero-Engine. 06
2.2 Unit Cells of Phase Titanium.
08 2.3
Unit Cell for Β Phase Titanium 08
2.4 Motorcycles in Which Titanium Muffler Is Used
14 2.5
Application of Titanium in Four-Wheeled Vehicle. 14
2.6 Microstructure of Ti6Al4V.
17 2.7
Oxidation of Ti6Al4V Weight Gain vs. Time. 28
2.8 Oxidation of Ti6Al4V Oxide Thickness vs. Oxidation Time.
28 3.1
Flow Chart for Scope Methodology 31
3.2 The Flow Chart for Sample Preparation
33 3.3
Flow Chart for Heat Treated Process 34
3.4 Furnace Machine at Material Lab at UTEM
35 3.5
Mounting Machine at Material Lab at UTEM 36
3.6 Grinding Process at Material Lab at UTEM
37 3.7
Polishing Process at Material Lab at UTEM 38
3.8 Brukers X-Ray Diffraction D8
40 4.1
Annealing Cooling Medium: Furnace 43
4.2 Annealing Cooling Medium: Air
44 4.3
Solution Treatment Cooling Medium: Water Quenching 44
4.4 Aging Cooling Medium: Furnace
44 4.5
Reference Sample of Ti6Al4v 45
4.6 Identification of Titanium Oxide TiO
2
47
