sentence to the next must be logical and smooth. There must be no sudden jump. Each sentence should flow smoothly into next one.
Descriptive texts also need good coherence, or good ordering of sentences. However, they do not use chronological ordering like in a narrative. They use
spatial ordering. In other words, they have sentences that are ordered according to space. For example, this could be top to bottom, head to foot, left to right, or front
to back.
2.2.6.2. Cohesion in a Paragraph
Another characteristic of a good paragraph is cohesion. When a paragraph has cohesion, all the supporting sentences stick together in their support of the topic
sentence. The methods of connecting sentences to each other are called cohesive devices. There are five important cohesive devices written by Brown 2004: 32:
1 personal pronouns, 2 the definite article, 3 demonstrative pronouns, 4 synonym, and 5 linking words.
2.2.7. The Language System
In producing a text, the writer draws on the resources in the language system. The resources in the language system consist all of the structural patterns, particular
words, sounds and symbols from which the writer can select to make particular meaning. The selection that writer make are not random, but patterned in various
ways. The patterns can be distinguished at three levels; 1, semantic level 2 grammatical level, and 3 graphological level. Those three levels will be
elaborated below.
1 The semantic level
The semantic level is mainly concerned with the ways in which such things as ideas, information, issues, opinions, events, and emotions are
organized within the whole text. This takes into account such aspects as patterns of causality, ordering of ideas, patterns of time sequence, cohesion
and point of view. The semantic level is realized through overall text structures and particular grammatical patterns.
2 The grammatical level
The grammatical level is concerned with the ways in which structure operates in the sentence, clause and word level within the context of the
whole text. 3
The graphological level Graphology is concerned with the writing system of a language. The
writing system includes individual written letters of the alphabet, letters in particular combinations spelling, punctuation and layout. The English
alphabet consists of twenty-six individual letters which can be combined in different ways to form the individual words in language. Punctuation
markers such as commas and full stops are used to mark grammatical aspect of writing a language. Layout is concerned with the spatial
organization of information, including the spacing between words, paragraphs.
Based on the Board of studies‟ explanation above p98, in the end of the research I will find out which level that students will be achieved. In every writing activity
that students involve, I will always evaluate the lack of students in achieving those three levels.
2.2.8. Attribute Charts
