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way the main character solves the problems. In this thesis the writer does not explains the character and characterization in details, just the surface.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theory of Character and Characterization
Since the writer wants to analyze the problems faced by Tom Rath to reveal the moral value inside, it is important to present theories of character and
characterization. Character is an important element in the story. In general, character is used in
two ways Abrams, 1958:23. The first way is the character designates the individual who appears in the story. Second, the character refers to the mixture of interest,
desires, emotions, and moral principles that make up each of this individual and character also gives a certain situation or circumstances in the story because he or she
shows his or her emotion on it. Abrams also states that in a story character either may remain stable or undergo his or her roles in outlook and disposition through a gradual
development 1958: 23 Holman and Harmon in A Handbook to Literature classify fictional characters
into two: static and dynamic characters. Static character means the person or character does not undergo any changes although he or she faces many problems in
his or her life. They will have the same characteristics from beginning until the end of the story. In contrast to static characters, dynamic characters or is also called as
developing characters undergo changes in some aspects of their characters,
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personalities, or outlooks from the beginning until the end of the story. The changes could be for better or for worse, maybe a large or a small one, but it is something
important and basic, and more than a minor change in opinion 1986: 83 Character and characterization are related and they cannot be separated each
other. In real life, human sense of character naturally varies with their power of perception and understanding. C. Hugh Holman and William Horman states the
characterization is the creation of the imaginary person or character. Therefore, characters exist for the readers as lifelike 1986: 81. In his book, Richard Gill stated
that characterization is the way in which character is created 1995: 127. According to Oscar Braket, characterization can be found in four levels. The first level of
characterization is physical and it concerned only with such basic facts such as sex, age, size, and colour. The second level is social. It includes a character’s economic
status, profession or trade, religion, family relationship – all those factors that place him or her in the environment. The third level is psychological. It reveals the
character’s habitual response, attitude, desire, motivations, like and dislikes the inner working of mine, both emotional and intellectual, with precedes action. The forth
level is moral. More nearly than other kinds, moral decision differentiates characters because the choices they make when facing moral crisis show whether they are
selfish hypocritical, or person of integrity 1974: 39-40 According to Rohrberger and Woods 1972:20, characterization is a process
by which an author creates character. However, based on Henkle, characterization is:
