and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action. 1977: 4.
Social learning theory explains human behaviour in terms of constant shared interaction between cognitive, behavioural, and environmental influences.
Psychologists explain that the theory of social learning mostly can be seen from children selecting a role model to admire or look up to. They identify with
this person, as they can perceive a similarity between themselves. Children are seen to imitate the behaviour of the model more frequently if the model is the
same sex. Children observe the behavior of their selected role model and by watching the model’s behavior, children learn a new behavior.
5. Theory of Eating Disorders
Hilde Bruch in her book Eating Disorders: Obesity, Anorexia Nervosa, and the Person Within
says that disturbed mother-child interactions can lead to produce individuals with eating disorders. Bruch concluded that parents of eating
disordered children may either respond to their children effectively or ineffectively.
Effective parents are able to accurately attend to their childrens biological and emotional needs, giving them food when they cry and comfort when
they are in fear. Ineffective parents, failed to attend to their childrens internal needs, and failed to correctly interpret the childrens actual needs
and circumstances Bruch, 1973: 32.
Children receiving such ineffective parenting may grow up confused and unaware of their own internal needs and having difficulty identifying their own emotions.
According to Hilde Bruch, one of the most influential factors in anorexia is linked to Socio cultural factors. Anorexia nervosa can be developed because of
this factors; people often tend to be the skinniest possible to be like their role models often advertised in the TV, magazines and all over the internet. “The
disorder of anorexia is caused by this sociocultural factor, the main reason why people develop an eating disorder is because they want to fit in society, want to
match the concept of what is beautiful for society” Bruch, 1973: 217. This
causes stress to the ones who want to be considered beautiful and accepted by society. As well stress causes an impact in loosing weigh increasing peoples
appetite that can cause a terrible effect leading to nutritional deficiencies. The eating disorder theory can also be seen from the oral stage in Freud’s
psychosexual development theory. The first stage of psychosexual development is the oral stage, spanning from birth until the age of one year, wherein the infants
mouth is the focus of libidinal gratification derived from the pleasure of feeding at the mothers breast, and from the oral exploration of his or her environment, i.e.
the tendency to place objects in the mouth Freud, 1962:19. Too much or too little gratification of desire might lead to an oral-stage fixation, characterised by
passivity, gullibility, immaturity, unrealistic optimism, which is manifested in a manipulative personality consequent to ego malformation. In the case of too much
gratification, the child does not learn that he or she does not control the environment, and that gratification is not always immediate, thereby forming an
immature personality Freud, 1962: 20. From that oral stage, Freud in his book says t
hat “eating disorder viewed as a fixation in oral stage of psychosexual development in which gratification
occurs orally, it is act as a defense mechanism” Freud, 1962: 22. In the oral PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
