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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Conducting this research, the researcher will apply certain methodology. This chapter discusses the systematic process of the methodology that is used in
this research. The discussion includes research method, research subject, research instrument, data gathering techniques, data analysis technique, and research
procedure.
A. Research Method
Since this study dealt with data which were in the form of words or dialogues rather than numbers and statistics and also employed words to answer
the research questions, it is categorized as content analysis. Content analysis is one type of many research methods that is used by social science studies. Before
going so far on content analysis, it would be better to have a clear understanding on what is meant with content analysis itself. Content analysis is not a new trend
research method in academic world. It has already appeared since a long time ago. In addition, content analysis study has already been widely used in the field of
education with some purposes such as to analyze bias, prejudice, or propaganda in textbooks, to analyze types of errors in students‘ writings, to describe prevailing
practices, to discover the difficulty level of materials in a textbook, and to discover the relative importance of certain topics Ary, Jacobs, Sorensen, and
Razavieh, 2010: 457. According to Krippendorff 2004:3, ‗content analysis entails a systematic
reading of a body of texts, images, and symbolic matter, not necessary from an author
or user‘s perspective‘. Similarly, Ary, Jacobs, and Sorensen 2010: 458 51
52 define content analysis as ‗a research method applied to written or visual materials
for the purpose of identifying specified characteristics of the material‘. In other words, analyzing text either in the form of written or visual in order to find out its
characteristics is doing a content analysis study. To add, as the objects of the analysis can be written or visual ones, thus the object of the analysis can be
textbooks, newspapers, web pages, speeches, television programs, advertisements, or any other types of documents.
B. Research Object
The objects of this study are two English textbooks of senior high school namely Pathway to English by M. Sudarwati and Eudia Grace which was
published by Erlangga Publisher Company and an English textbook entitled Talk Active by Mulyono and Lanny Kurniawan which was published by Yudhistira
Publisher Company. Both books were selected because both books were the only textbooks sold in the market which use curriculum 2013, the current curriculum in
Indonesia educational system, in senior high school level. Since the objects of this study are textbooks, the data were in the form of text, both monologue and
dialogue.
C. Research Instrument
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