has to link to free morpheme to give function or characteristic the free morpheme. In order to combine both morphemes, it cannot be combined for granted. There is a
process behind that and it is called word formation process.
2.2.1 Word Formation
As stated by Plag 2001:12, ―words that are obviously composed by putting
together smaller elements to form larger words with more complex meanings. ‖ It is
implied that in creating a new word, smaller elements are combined to create the new words with complex meanings and sometimes there is a change in its meaning and
word class. In order to create the new words, there are some processes in word formation
such as affixation, shortenings clipping, initialsm, and acronym, borrowing, conversion or functional shift, inventing, and compounding
2.2.1.1 Affixation
Affixation is a common process to create new words, as proposed by Finegan 2008: 46. This process is creating new word by adding some morpheme into
existing words through prefixes and suffixes. From the process, the meaning andor the word class of the formed word may be changed. Brinton 2002: 86 stated the
addition of derivational affix to a root produces a new word with one or more of the changes such as a phonological change including stress change, a semantic change,
and a change in word class. When prefixes un-, pre-, and dis-, for example, are
combined with free morpheme, they may give the opposite meaning and change in word class, but sometimes there is no change in class word; untrue verb to
adjective, unpopular adjective to adjective, premix verb to n, prewash verb to noun, disappear verb to verb, and disapprove verb to verb.
Different from prefixes, suffixes may not describe the opposite meaning of the free morphem. Brinton 2002: 87 argued,
“suffixes have two functions: to change the meaning of the root and to change the part of speech.
‖ It is said when a new word is formed by adding suffix into a free morpheme, it changes meaning or the part of
speech. For example, when suffix –ment is added to a verb agree and aggreement, it
change the verbs into nouns, agreement and arrangement.
2.2.1.2 Shortenings
Shortening is a process of creating a new word by removing part of a word and it is divided into three parts, those are, acronym, initialism, and clipping.
a. Acronym
Acronym is the initial letters in a group of word and pronounced as a word. As Finegan 2008: 48 said
―acronym is shortenings in which the initial letters of an expression are joined and pronounced as a word
‖. For example: NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome RADAR RAdio Detecting And Ranging
b. Initialism
Initialism is the initial letters in a group of word and pronounced as a sequence of letters. For example:
NYU New York University UK United Kingdom
USA United State of America
c. Clipping
Brinton 2002: 98 said ―clipping is the result of deliberately dropping part of
a word, usually either the end or the beginning, or less often both, while retaining the same meaning and same word class.
‖ This process is creating a new word by removing the parts of a word, it can be removing the beginning
part of a word, removing the end part of a word or removing the beginning –
end part of a word. For example: Beginning: this part is creating new words by removing the beginning part of
a word. Burger Hamburger
Phone Telephone End: this part is creating new words by removing the end part of a word.
Fan Fanatic Porn Pornography
