Concept of Speaking Component in Speaking

CHAPTER II FRAME OF THEORY

This chapter discusses literature review and it deals with concept of speaking, component of speaking, types of speaking, concept of role play, types of role play, procedure of teaching speaking through role play, classified like the following:

2.1 Concept of Speaking

Speaking is the productive skill in English. It is one of the skills that is used for communication between at least two people. It is a way to express someone’s ideas, feeling to his or her interlocutor. Lado 1977:240 explains that speaking is described as an ability to converse or to express a sequence of ideas fluently. It means that we deliver spoken language for someone to tell what we need and try to fulfill what other people ask. People can express themselves to other people to get a comfort situation in understanding each other. Chaney 1998;13 states that speaking is the process of building and sharing meaning through the use of verbal and non-verbal, in a variety of contexts.This statement also similar to Tarigan 1928:28 who says that speaking is the instrument of language and the primary aim of speaking is for communication. It means that speaking is the instrument which is fundamental in communication, speaker says something in order to get the effect for the listener, speaker express his feeling to change listener’s understanding, speaker asks to get information, answer, and response from others, naturally speaking is important role in communication process. So it can be said it is important for us to communicate with other people to share our ideas and feeling. Byrne 1948:8 clarifies that speaking or oral communication is a two way process between speaker and listener and involves productive and receptive skill or understanding. It means that between speaker and listener have a feedback. The speaker transfers herhis idea and produces utterances for listener so that heshe receives the message from what heshe listens. Therefore, speaking process needs at least two people because it cannot be done individually. One as a speaker who produces information and the other functions as a listener who receives information.

2.2 Component in Speaking

In this research, the researcher find that, there are five components in speaking, there are: a Pronunciation Pronunciation which consist of vocal, consonant, and intonation.Kenworthy 1987 defines that pronunciation is native speaker’s utterance, how to say a word- that is how to pronounce it bStructure Structure is the way in which a word is constructed, the elements of which it is made, is an important building block in our understanding. Structure of words which are not constructed well, will give wrong understanding for the listener and miscommunication among each other. b Vocabulary Vocabulary is a range or system of symbols, qualities, or techniques constituting a means of communication or expression. One cannot communicate effectively or express ideas in oral form if they do not have sufficient vocabulary. c Fluency Hedge 2000 defines fluency as the ability to link units of speech together with facility and without strain or inappropriate slowness, or undue hesitation. Fluency is the smoothness or flow with which sounds, syllables, words, phrases, are joined together when speaking. It means when a speaker makes a dialogues with another speaker, the other speaker can respond well to the other speaker. d Comprehensibility Comprehensibility denotes the ability of understanding the speaker’s intension and general meaning Heaton,1991:135.It means that comprehensibility focused on the students’ understanding of the conversation. Comprehensibility measures how much interpretation is required to understand students’ responses. In other words, it means that if a person can answer or express well and correctly, it shos that shehe comprehends well. Comprehensible input is provided in role play because students engage in genuine communication in playing their roles. In brief, these aspects of speaking are important for the learners to master English communication because speaking is an ability to express ideas, feeling, and emotions to other person. It means that people try to communicate with each other and use the language to make the listener understand; therefore the people can interact with others.

2.3 Types of Speaking