3 phrase in the input box means
“Monday, January 29
th
, 9 o ’clock in the morning”. Korean speakers might
be able to guess what the translated result signifies in the output box, but they cannot obtain an appropriate translation. It should be translated into
“2009 nyon 1 wol 29 il wolyoil achim 9 si”. In this paper, we underline four problems in translating
„calendar‟, „day‟ and „clock‟ expressions from Korean to Indonesian and vice-versa. These problems are
“word order, numeral system, use of abbreviation, and time segmentation
”. Our description is done as a DAGDirected Acyclic Graph we can build by using UNITEX GraphEditor
1
.
3.1 Word Order
The order of Korean time expressions is usually like Year, Month, Date, Day, Hour, Minute and Second. We can see that the expressions are structured from the widest to the narrowest time entities. In
Indonesian, there are no rigorous rules in ordering time expressions, but common order is like Day, Date, Month, Year, Hour, Minute and Second. The table 1 summarizes the order of time expressions in both
languages. We here notice the gap of word orders between Indonesian and Korean languages in general.
Table 1. Word Order in Time Expressions in Indonesian and Korean
Korean Year
Month Date
Day Hour
Minute Second Indonesian
Day Date
Month Year Hour
Minute Second
The following example shows the translation of the English phrase “Monday, January the 2
nd
2009, nine forty five and twenty second
” into both Korean and Indonesian. 1
Korean : 2009 nyon 1 wol 2 il
Wolyoil 9 si 45bun 20 cho
2009-year 1-month 2-date
Monday 9-hour 45-minute 20-second
2 Indonesian : Hari senin, tanggal 2 bulan Januari tahun 2009, jam 9 45 menit 20 detik
Day-Monday date-2 month-January year-2009 hour-9 45 minute 20-second The following Graphs represent the order of time expressions in both languages:
1
These graphs built in Unitex are precisely Local Grammar GraphsLGGs which are suggested by French computational linguist Maurice Gross. The system UNITEX is a corpus-based processor, using an automata technology. Paumier, 2003
4
Graph 1. Korean and Indonesian Time Expression from Calendar to Clock Time Expression
We observe that the order of Korean time expressions is structured from the widest range Calendar to the narrowest one clock. Whereas in Indonesian, the order starts from day, calendar and ends by clock
time. These graphs show that it is possible to put only one time slot as well as to combine them. When we discuss time expressions, there are mainly two points: numbers and time slot units i.e.
minute, hour, year etc. In Korean, all expressions indicating time slots are located after numeral expressions, which is not the case in Indonesian. Some of them can be located after numeral expressions
and some of them can be before them. In Indonesian, Arabic numbers cannot be used to indicate Days and Months, while they are forbidden in the sequences of Days in Korean. This is a complete list in Table 2:
Table 2. Order of Numeral-Classifier in Time Expressions in Indonesian and Korean
Indonesian Korean
Classifier Numeral
Classifier Classifier
Numeral Classifier
Second 20
detik 20
cho Minute
45 menit
45 bun
Hour Jam
09 09
si Day
Hari senin+Num
wol+Num yoil
Date Tanggal
02 2
il Month
Bulan Januari+Num
1 wol
Year Tahun
2009 2009
nyon In English clock time expressions, we recognize some units like half or quarter. Such expressions are
also available in Indonesian and in Korean, but the order of these units are different. In Indonesian, there are some expressions like setengah=half and seperempat=quarter, while in Korean, there is only
ban=half. Let us consider the following examples for Indonesian and Korean clock expressions. 1: 30
1: 15 3
Korean : Han si
ban
Ø
One hour
half
Ø
4 Indonesian: Jam setengah satu
Jam satu
seperempat Hour half
one Hour
one quarter
Korean Indonesian
5 The following LGGs are representing some of these time expressions:
Graph 2. Korean and Indonesian Clock Expression
3.2 Numeral System
