Stems and endings for Verbs

p.18 Comments welcome e.rounduq.edu.au. Please do not cite without permission. 1 1exc ‘me’ ‘us‐not‐you’ 1inc ‘you and me’ 2 ‘you’ 3 ‘he, she, it, they’ Singular nganhma nyima nima Dual ngarrma ngagurrma girrma birrma Plural ngalma ngagulma gilma bilma Table 24. Stative Direct forms of personal pronouns

2.4 Stems and endings for Verbs

The verb expresses what kind of action is happening. Ganggalida verbs can be Transitive, like balatha ‘hit’ and gurrija ‘see, or look at’, or Intransitive like thaatha ‘go walkabout’ and jawija ‘run’, or Semi‐transitive like lardija ‘wait for’ and gamburija ‘talk to’. In Ganggalida, verb stems all end with the sounds th or j. The endings that come after the stems are used to show that a sentence is a statement telling you about something or a question, or a command or request to do something, or a wish or desire. The Indicative forms of verbs Indicative forms are used for making statements and asking questions. The Indicative form of a verb is made either by adding the ending ‐a or by removing the final th or j sound from the stem. For example, with the stem balath‐ ‘hit’, you can make the Indicative form either by adding ‐a, to get balatha, or by removing the final th sound, to get bala. Examples are shown in Table 25. meaning full Indicative verb stem ending Transitive ‘hit’ balatha or bala balath‐ ‐a, or remove th Transitive ‘look at’ gurrija or gurri gurrij‐ ‐a, or remove j Semi‐transitive ‘wait for’ lardija or lardi lardij‐ ‐a, or remove j Intransitive ‘go’ thaatha or thaa thaath‐ ‐a, or remove th Intransitive ‘run’ jawija or jawi jawij‐ ‐a, or remove j Table 25. Indicative verb forms, for statements The Imperative forms of verbs The Imperative form of a verb is for telling people what to do — for making commands. The Imperative form is made by adding the ending ‐ga to Transitive verb stems, or by adding ‐a to Semi‐transitive and Intransitive verb stems. The g in the ‐ga ending replaces the final th or j sound of the stem. For example, if you add ‐ga to balath‐ ‘hit’, you get balaga. p.19 Comments welcome e.rounduq.edu.au. Please do not cite without permission. meaning full Imperative verb stem ending Transitive ‘hit’ balaga balath‐ ‐ga Transitive ‘look at’ gurriga ngudij‐ ‐ga Semi‐transitive ‘wait for’ lardija lardij‐ ‐a Intransitive ‘go’ thaatha thaath‐ ‐a Intransitive ‘run’ jawija jawij‐ ‐a Table 26. Imperative verb forms, for commands The Hortative forms of verbs The Hortative form of a verb is for making polite commands. The Hortative form is made by adding the ending ‐gi to Transitive verb stems, or by adding ‐i to Semi‐transitive and Intransitive verb stems. The g in the ‐gi ending replaces the final th or j sound of the stem. meaning full Hortative verb stem ending Transitive ‘hit’ balagi balath‐ ‐gi Transitive ‘look at’ gurrigi ngudij‐ ‐gi Semi‐transitive ‘wait for’ lardiji lardij‐ ‐i Intransitive ‘go fishing’ ngagathi ngagath‐ ‐i Intransitive ‘go hunting’ wambalmaji wambalmaj‐ ‐i Table 27. Hortative verb forms, for polite commands The Desiderative forms of verbs The Desiderative form of a verb is for expressing wishes, desires and possibilities. It is made by adding the ending ‐da to the verb stem. The d in the ‐da ending replaces the final th or j sound of the stem. meaning full Desiderative verb stem ending Transitive ‘hit’ balada balath‐ ‐da Transitive ‘look at’ gurrida ngudij‐ ‐da Semi‐transitive ‘wait for’ lardida lardij‐ ‐da Intransitive ‘go fishing’ ngagada ngagath‐ ‐da Intransitive ‘go’ warrada warraj‐ ‐da Table 28. Desiderative verb forms, for desires and possibilities p.20 Comments welcome e.rounduq.edu.au. Please do not cite without permission. Negative forms Verbs can also have specifically Negative endings, to describe what doesn’t, won’t, can’t or shouldn’t happen. The Negative forms of balath‐ ‘hit’ and warraj‐ ‘go’ are summarised in Table 29 together with the positive forms. There are no Negative Hortative forms. ‘hit’ ‘go’ Positive Indicative balatha or bala warraja or warra Imperative balaga warraja Hortative balagi warraji Desiderative balada warrada Negative Indicative balatharri warrajarri Imperative balana warrana Desiderative balanada warranada Table 29. Summary of Positive and Negative verb forms

2.5 The main Clitic