v
TABLE OF CONTENT
Abstrak i
Abstract ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Content v
List of Tables x
List of Figures xi
List of Abbreviation xv
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
1 1.2
Problem Statement 2
1.3 Project Objective
3 1.4
Project Scope 4
1.5 Project Planning
5
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
7 2.2
Temperature Sensor 7
2.2.1 Selecting a Temperature Sensor 8
2.2.2 Thermocouple Temperature Sensor 8
2.3 Time Response
10 2.3.1 Natural Frequency
12 2.3.2 Damping Ratio
12 2.3.3 Underdamped Second-Order Systems
13 2.4
Stability System 16
2.5 Steady-state Error
17
vi 2.5.1 Application to Stable Systems
18 2.5.2 Evaluating Steady-State Error
18 2.5.3 Sources of Steady-State Error
19 2.6
Temperature Control 20
2.6.1 Ideal Integral Compensation PI 20
2.6.2 Ideal Derivative Compensation PD 21
2.6.3 Proportional Integral Derivative PID 22
2.7 Computer Aided Design
23 2.7.1 MATLAB Software
24 2.8
Temperature Control Application by means of a 25
PIC16F877 Microcontroller 2.8.1 Introduction
25 2.8.1.1 The Heat Control System
25 2.8.1.2 Input Layer
26 2.8.1.3 Output Layer
27 2.8.2 Control Methods
29 2.8.2.1 Stages of Digital PID Controller Design
29 2.8.2.2 Stages of Fuzzy Controller Design
30 2.8.3 Control Program
32 2.8.4 Experimental Results
33 2.8.4.1 Result of PID Control
33 2.8.4.2 Result of Fuzzy Control
34 2.8.5 Conclusion
35
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
36 3.2
Project flow planning 36
3.3 Literature Stage
46 3.4
Experiment: At Machining Process Press Drill Machine 38
3.5 Design Stage
38
vii 3.6
Comparison and Analysis Stage 39
3.7 Tool and Equipments
39 3.7.1
Thermocouple type –K 40
3.7.2 Vernier Lab Pro
40 3.7.3
Logger Pro 3 41
3.7.4 Workpiece for Experiments
41
4. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
4.1 Introduction
43 4.2
Conceptual Design 43
4.2.1 Software Design
44 4.2.2
Importing data 44
4.2.3 Building the Block Diagram
48 4.2.3.1
Block diagram representation of control systems 49
4.2.3.2 Control system operation
50 4.2.4
Designing PID Controller 51
4.2.4.1 MATLAB programming for design PID Controller 52
4.2.5 Static Error Constants
54 4.2.5.1
System Type 55
4.2.5.2 MATLAB Programming for Steady-state Error
56 4.2.6
Stability Design of the system 56
4.2.6.1 Generating a Basic Routh Table
57 4.2.6.2
MATLAB Programming for analysis the stability by using 59
RH Table
5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
