THE ANALYSIS The Analysis Of English Prefixes

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3. THE ANALYSIS

English is one of the International languages. English is rich of vocabularies. Vocabularies can be formed by using affixes. Prefix is one of the affixes term. When someone wants to communicate with the others by using English is the construction he or she needs to understand how to use prefixes. If he or she does not understand how to use the prefixes the communication can be broken down. Therefore, to understand the usage of prefixes is very crucial. When we want to discuss about the usage of prefixes we cannot be escaped from the terms distribution, form, function, and meaning. 1 Prefix a- a. form When we use prefix a- of English by adding it the root of a word it will not change the form of the word. Examples: a- + moral ‘moral’ ⇒amoral ‘tidak bermoral’ a- + sexual ‘sexsuil’ ⇒asexual ‘tanpa seksuil’ a- + theist ‘penganut’ ⇒atheist ‘tanpa penganut’ b. distribution Prefix a- in English can be added to: 1. nouns Examples: a- + bridge ‘jembatan’ ⇒abridge ‘tanpa jembatan’ a- + septic ‘pembusuk’ ⇒aseptic ‘tanpa pembusuk’ Universitas Sumatera Utara 18 a- + prior ‘waktu’ ⇒aprior ‘tanpa waktu’ 2. verbs Examples: a- + sleep ‘tidur’ ⇒asleep ‘tertidur’ a- + blaze ‘menyala’ ⇒ablaze ‘bernyala’ a- + tremble ‘gemetar ⇒atremble ‘bergemetar’ c. function Prefix a- in English can be functioned to change: 1. nouns to adjective Examples: tonic [n] ‘obat kuat’ ⇒ atonic[adj] ‘tanpa obat kuat’ shore[n] ‘pantai ⇒ashore[adj] ‘di pantai’ top [n] ‘puncak’ ⇒atop [adj] ‘di puncak’ 2. verbs to adjectives Examples: drift[v] ‘mengapung’ ⇒adrift[adj] ‘terapung-apung’ dance[v] ‘dansa’ ⇒adance[adj] ‘berdansa’ d. notion The meaning of the prefix a- in English is to state: 1. not or without a- + moral ‘moral’ ⇒amoral ‘tidak bermoral’ a- + bridge ‘jembatan’ ⇒abridge ‘tanpa jembatan’ a- + septic ‘pembusuk’ ⇒aseptic ‘tanpa pembusuk’ Universitas Sumatera Utara 19 2. Stating as the same meaning as mentioned in the base form. a- + shore ‘pantai’ ⇒ashore ‘di pantai’ a- + ground ‘tanah’ ⇒aground ‘berada di tanah’ a- + top ‘puncak’ ⇒atop ‘berada di puncak’ 2 Prefix ab- a. Form Prefix ab- in English can be added to: 1. nouns Examples: ab- + duct[n] ‘pipa’ ⇒abduct ‘di luar pipa’ ab- + original[n] ‘keaslian’ ⇒aboriginal ‘tidak asli’ ab- + solution[n] ‘penyelesaian ⇒absolution ‘tanpa penyelesaian’ 2. verbs ab- + sent ‘mengirim’ ⇒absent ‘tidak dikirim’ ab- + solve ‘membereskan’ ⇒absolve ‘tidak beres’ ab- + sorb ‘mengisap’ ⇒absorb ‘tidak mengisap’ c. Function Prefix ab- in English functions to change: 1. nouns to adjectives lute[n] ‘kecapi’ ⇒ablute[adj] ‘tanpa kecapi’ stain[n] ‘minuman beralkohol’ ⇒abstain[adj] ‘minuman tanpa alkohol’ jure[n] ‘sumpah’ ⇒abjure[adj] ‘di luar sumpah’ Universitas Sumatera Utara 20 2. verbs to adjectives solve[v] ‘membereskan’ ⇒absolve[adj] ‘tidak beres’ sorb[v] ‘mengisap’ ⇒absorb[adj] ‘tidak mengisap’ sent[v] ‘mengirim’ ⇒absent[adj] ‘tidak dikirim’ c. Notion The meanings of prefix ab- when we add it to the base form is to state without. ab- + normal ‘normal’ ⇒abnormal ‘tidak normal’ ab- + original ‘keaslian ⇒aboriginal ‘tidak asli’ ab- + solution ‘penyelesaian’ ⇒absolution ‘tanpa penyelesaian’ 3 Prefix an- a. Form Prefix an- in English does not change the form of the base form. Examples: an- + aesthatic ‘ilmu keindahan’ ⇒anaesthatic ‘tanpa ilmu keindahan’ an- + archy ‘pemerintah’ ⇒anarchy ‘tanpa pemerintah’ an- + hydrous ‘air’ ⇒anhydrous ‘tanpa air’ b. Distribution Prefix an- can be attached to nouns. Examples: an- + anemia ‘butir-butir darah’ ⇒ananemia ‘tanpa butir-butir darah an- + archist ‘orang pemerintah’ ⇒anarchist ‘tanpa percaya kepada pemerintah’ an- + cession ‘penyerahan’ ⇒ancession ‘tanpa penyerahan’ Universitas Sumatera Utara 21 c. Function Prefix an- functions to change nouns into adjectives. Examples: archism[n] ‘teori pemerintah’ ⇒anarchism[adj] ‘tanpa teori pemerintah’ hydrous[n] ‘air’ ⇒anhydrous[adj] ‘tanpa air’ anemia [n] ‘butir-butir darah’ ⇒ananemia[adj] ‘tanpa butir-butir darah’ d. Notion The meanings of prefix an- in English is stating without. Examples: an- + hydrous ‘air’ ⇒anhydrous ‘tanpa air’ an- + archy ‘pemerintah’ ⇒anarchy ‘tanpa pemerintah’ an- + anemia ‘butir-butir darah ⇒ananemia ‘tanpa butir-butir darah 4 Prefix ad- a. Form When we add prefix ad- in English does not change the form of the base form. ad- + monitor ‘ketua kelas’ ⇒admonitor ‘mengurus kepentingan kelas’ ad- + judge ‘hakim’ ⇒adjudge ‘mengadili’ ad- + duct ‘saluran’ ⇒adduct ‘menyalurkan’ b. Distribution Prefix ad- in English can be added to nouns. Examples: ad- + mix ‘campuran’ ⇒ admix ‘mencampur’ Universitas Sumatera Utara 22 ad- + join ‘gabungan’ ⇒ adjoin ‘meggabungkan’ ad- + oration ‘pujaan’ ⇒ adoration ‘memuja’ c. Function Prefix ad- in English functions to change nouns into verbs. Examples: herd ‘pengembala’ ⇒adherd ‘mengembala’ jure ‘sumpah’ ⇒adjure ‘bersumpah’ minister ‘menteri’ ⇒administer ‘mengurus’ d. Notion The meanings of prefix ad- in English when we add to the base form it will state the action mention in the base form. ad- + monitor ‘ketua kelas’ ⇒admonitor ‘mengurus kepentingan kelas’ ad- + judge ‘hakim’ ⇒adjudge ‘mengadili’ 5 Prefix ante- Prefix ante- in English does not change the form of base form when we add it to the base form. Examples: a. Form ante- + room ‘kamar’ ⇒anteroom ‘sebelum kamar’ ante- + natal ‘kelahiran’ ⇒antenatal ‘sebelum kelahiran’ ante- + chapel ‘gereja’ ⇒antechapel ‘sebelum gereja’ b. Distribution Prefix ante- in English can be added to nouns. Universitas Sumatera Utara 23 Examples: ante- + bellum[n] ‘peperangan’ ⇒antebellum ‘sebelum peperangan’ ante- + nuptial[n] ‘pesta kawin’ ⇒antenuptial ‘sebelum pesta kawin’ ante- + date[n] ‘tanggal‘ ⇒antedate ‘sebelum tanggal’ c. Function Prefix ante- functions to change nouns into adjectives. Examples: chapel[n] ‘gereja’ ⇒antechapel[adj] ‘sebelum gereja’ room[n] ‘kamar’ ⇒anteroom ‘sebelum kamar’ natal ‘kelahiran’ ⇒antenatal ‘sebelum kelahiran’ d. Notion The meanings of prefix ante- in English when we add it to the base form is to state before the meaning stated in the base form. Examples: ante- + deluvian ‘banjir’ ⇒antedluvian ‘sebelum banjir’ ante- + chamber ‘bilik’ ⇒antechamber ‘sebelum bilik’ ante- + reformation ‘perbaikan’ ⇒antereformation ‘sebelum perbaikan’ ante- + bellum ‘peperangan’ ⇒antebellum ‘sebelum peperangan’ 6 Prefix anti- a. Form Prefix anti- in English does not change the form of the root. anti- + aircraft ‘pesawat’ ⇒antiaircraft ‘anti pesawat’ anti- + christ ‘kristus’ ⇒antichrist ‘anti kristus’ Universitas Sumatera Utara 24 anti- + pope ‘paus’ ⇒antipope ‘anti paus’ b. Distribution Prefix anti- in English can be added to nouns. Examples: anti- + Darwinism[n] ‘aliran Darwin’ ⇒antiDarwinsm ‘anti aliran Darwin’ anti- + hero[n] ‘pahlawan’ ⇒antihero ‘anti pahlawan’ anti- + social[n] ‘masyarakat’ ⇒antisocial ‘anti masyarakat’ c. Function Prefix anti- in English functions to change nouns into adjectives. Examples: Septic[n] ‘pembusuk’ ⇒aseptic[adj] ‘tanpa pembusuk’ Darwinism[n] ‘aliran Darwin ⇒antiDarwinsm[adj] ‘anti aliran Darwin’ aircraft [n] ‘pesawat’ ⇒antiaircraft[adj] ‘anti pesawat’ d. Notion The meanings of prefix anti- when we add to the base form it will state of opposite. anti- + christ ‘kristus’ ⇒antichrist ‘anti kristus’ anti- + pope ‘paus’ ⇒antipope ‘anti paus’ anti- + hero ‘pahlawan’ ⇒antihero ‘anti pahlawan’ 7 Prefix arch- a. Form Prefix arch- does not change the form. Universitas Sumatera Utara 25 Examples: arch- + bishop ‘uskup’ ⇒ archbishop ‘kepala uskup’ arch- + prophet ‘nabi’ ⇒ archprophet ‘kepala nabi’ arch- + enemy ‘musuh’ ⇒ archenemy ‘kepala musuh’ b. Distribution Prefix arch- in English can be added to nouns. Examples: arch- + angel[n] ‘malaikat’ ⇒archangel ‘kepala malaikat’ arch- + liar[n] ‘pembohong’ ⇒archliar ‘kepala pembohong’ arch- + minister[n] ‘pendeta’ ⇒archminister ‘ kepala pendeta’ arch- + way[n] ‘jalan’ ⇒archway ‘jalan raya’ c. Function Prefix arch- does not function to change part of speech. impostor[n] ‘pembohong’ ⇒archimpostor[adj] ‘kepala pembohong’ type[n] ‘mode’ ⇒archtype ‘kepala mode’ bishop[n] ‘uskup’ ⇒archbishop ‘kepala uskup’ d. Notion The meanings of prefix arch- is to state the chief of the meanings stated in the base form. arch- + prophet ‘nabi’ ⇒archprophet ‘kepala nabi’ arch- + angel ‘malaikat’ ⇒archangel ‘kepala malaikat’ arch- + enemy ‘musuh’ ⇒archenemy ‘kepala musuh’ Universitas Sumatera Utara 26 8 Prefix be- a. Form Prefix be- does not change form when we add it to the base form. Examples: be- + moan ‘keluhan’ ⇒bemoan ‘mengeluh’ be- + jewel ‘permata’ ⇒bejewel ‘membuat permata’ be- + sprinkle ‘percikan’ ⇒besprinkle ‘memerciki’ be- + fog ‘awan’ ⇒befog ‘melindungi’ b. Distribution Prefix be- in English can be added to nouns. Examples: be- + smear[n] ‘coretan’ ⇒besmear ‘mencoret’ be- + spatter[n] ‘percikan’ ⇒bespatter ‘memerciki’ be- + head[n] ‘kepala’ ⇒behead ‘memenggal kepala’ c. Function Prefix be- in English functions to change nouns to verbs. Examples: mock[n] ‘contoh yang palsu’ ⇒bemock[v] ‘meniru’ guile[n] ‘akal bulus’ ⇒beguile[v] ‘memperdayakan’ friend[n] ‘kawan’ ⇒befriend[v] ‘menolong kawan’ d. Notion The meanings of prefix be- is stating the action mentioned in the base form. Universitas Sumatera Utara 27 Examples: be- + moan[n] ‘keluhan’ ⇒bemoan[v] ‘mengeluh’ be- + jewel[n] ‘permata’ ⇒bejewel[v] ‘membuat permata’ be- + spatter[n] ‘percikan’ ⇒bespatter[v] ‘memerciki’ 9 Prefix bi- a. Form Prefix bi- in English does not change the form. bi- + sexual ‘jenis kelamin’ ⇒bisexual ‘satu orang mempunyai dua jenis kelamin’ bi- + annual ‘tahunan’ ⇒biannual ‘satu tahun dua kali’ bi- + axial ‘kampak’ ⇒biaxial ‘satu tangkai dua kampak’ b. Distribution Prefix bi- in English can be added to nouns. bi- + plane[n] ‘pesawat’ ⇒biplane ‘satu pesawat mempunyai dua set sayap’ bi- + camera[n] ‘tustel’ ⇒bicamera ‘satu tustel dua fokus’ bi- + polar[n] ‘kutub’ ⇒bipolar ‘mempunyai dua kutub’ c. Function Prefix bi- in English does not change part of speech. Contoh: cuspid[n] ‘gigi’ ⇒bicuspid[n] ‘satu gigi dua puncak’ plane[n] ‘pesawat’ ⇒biplane[n] ‘satu pesawat bersayap dua stel’ camera [n] ‘tustel’ ⇒bicamera[n] ‘tustel berfokus dua’ Universitas Sumatera Utara 28 d. Notion The meanings of prefix bi- when we add to the base form it will state doublé of the things mentioned in the base form. Examples: bi- + monthly ‘bulanan’ ⇒bimonthly ‘satu bulan dua kali’ bi- + weekly ‘mingguan’ ⇒biweekly ‘satu minggu dua kali’ bi- + labial ‘mulut’ ⇒bilabial ‘satu mulut dua bibir’ 10 Prefix by- a. Form Prefix by- in English does not change the form of the root. by- + name[n] ‘nama’ ⇒byname ‘nama keluarga’ by- + election[n] ‘pemilihan’ ⇒byelection ‘pilihan kedua’ by- + law[n] ‘undang-undang’ ⇒bylaw ‘anggaran rumah tangga’ b. Distribution Prefix by in English can be added to nouns. Examples: by- + name[n] ‘nama’ ⇒byname ‘nama keluarga’ by- + election[n] ‘pemilihan’ ⇒byelection ‘pilihan kedua’ by- + law[n] ‘undang-undang’ ⇒bylaw ‘anggaran rumah tangga’ c. Function Prefix by- in English does not function to change part of speech. way[n] ‘jalan’ byway[n] ‘jalan yang jarang dipakai road[n] ‘jalan’ byroad[n] ‘pinggir jalan’ Universitas Sumatera Utara 29 line[n] ‘garis’ byline[n] ‘nama penulis’ d. Notion The meanings of prefix by- in English when we add to the root is stating part of the meanings mentioned in the base form. Examples: by- + street ‘jalan’ ⇒bystreet ‘pinggir jalan’ by- + product ‘hasil’ ⇒byproduct ‘hasil kedua’ by- + pass ‘jalan’ ⇒bypass ‘garis yang membagi dua jalan’ 11 Prefix co- a. Form Prefix co- in English does not change the form. Examples: co- + pilot ‘pilot’ ⇒copilot ‘pembantu pilot’ co- + partnet ‘kawan’ ⇒copartner ‘pembantu kawan’ co- + heiress ‘ahli waris perempuan’ ⇒coheiress ‘pembantu ahli waris’ b. Distribution Prefix co- in English can be added to nouns. Examples: monitor[n] ‘kepala kelas’ ⇒comonitor ‘pembantu kepala kelas’ heir[n] ‘ahli waris’ ⇒coheir ‘pembantu ahli waris’ education[n] ‘pendidikan’ ⇒coeducation ‘pendidikan bersama’ c. Functions Prefix co- in English does not function to change part of speech. Universitas Sumatera Utara 30 Examples: monitor[n] ‘kepala kelas’ ⇒comonitor[n] ‘pembantu kepala kelas’ heir[n] ‘ahli waris’ ⇒coheir[n] ‘pembantu ahli waris’ education[n] ‘pendidikan’ ⇒coeducation[n] ‘pendidikan bersama’ d. Notion The meanings of prefix co- in English is to state the assistance of the meanings mentioned in the base form. Examples: co- + pilot ‘pilot’ ⇒copilot ‘pembantu pilot’ co- + keeper ‘pengawas’ ⇒cokeeper ‘pembantu pengawas’ co- + manager ‘pemimpin’ ⇒comanager ‘pembantu pemimpin’ 12 Prefix demi- a. Form Prefix demi- in English does not change the form. Examples: demi- + God ‘tuhan’ ⇒demiGod ‘setengah tuhan’ demi- + military ‘militer’ ⇒demimilitary ‘setengah militer’ demi- + John ‘John’ ⇒demiJohn ‘setengah John’ d. Distribution Prefix demi- can be added to nouns. Universitas Sumatera Utara 31 Examples: demi- + human[n] ‘manusia’ ⇒demihuman ‘setengah manusia’ demi- + God[n] ‘tuhan’ ⇒demiGod ‘setengah tuhan’ demi- + gold[n] ‘emas’ ⇒demigold ‘setengah emas’ c. Function Prefix demi- in English does not function to change part of speech. Examples: God[n] ‘tuhan’ ⇒demigod[n] ‘setengah tuhan’ John[n] ‘John’ ⇒demiJohn ‘setengah John’ military[n] ‘militer’ ⇒demimilitary ‘setengah militer’ d. Notion The meanings of prefix demi- in English when we add to the root to state half of the things mentioned in the base form. demi- + God ‘tuhan’ ⇒demiGod ‘setengah tuhan’ demi- + gold ‘emas’ ⇒demigold ‘setengah emas’ demi- + human ‘manusia’ ⇒demihuman ‘setengah manusia’ 13 Prefikd di- a. Form Prefik di- in English does not change the form of the base form. Examples: di- + pole ‘arah’ ⇒dipole ‘dua arah’ di- + oxide ‘zat asam’ ⇒dioxide ‘dua zat asam’ di- + chromatic ‘warna’ ⇒dichromatic ‘dua warna’ Universitas Sumatera Utara 32 b. Distribution Prefix di- in English can be added to nouns. Examples: di- + atom[n] ‘atom’ ⇒diatom ‘dua atom’ di- + chloride[n] ‘klorida’ ⇒dicloride ‘dua klorida’ di- + lemma[n] ‘pilihan’ ⇒dilemma ‘dua pilihan’ c. Function Prefikd di- in English does not function to change part of speech. Examples: chromate[n] ‘krom’ ⇒dichromate[n] ‘dua krom’ chromium[n] ‘alat pemutih’ ⇒dichromium[n] ‘ dua alat pemutih’ chrotomy[n] ‘bahagian’ ⇒dichrotomy[n] ‘dua bahagian’ d. Notion The meanings of prefix di- in English are to state doublé of the things mentioned in the base form. Examples: di- + oxide ‘zat asam’ ⇒dioxide ‘dua zat asam’ di- + pole ‘arah’ ⇒dipole ‘dua arah’ di- + cloride ‘klorida’ ⇒dicloride ‘dua klorida’ 14 Prefix dis- a. Form Universitas Sumatera Utara 33 Prefix dis- in English does not change the form when we add to the base though the base begin with vowel or consonant sounds. Examples: dis- + agree ‘setuju’ ⇒disagree ‘tidak setuju’ dis- + appear ‘muncul ⇒disappear ‘tidak muncul’ dis- + allow ‘mengijinkan’ ⇒disallow ‘tidak mengijinkan’ dis- + order ‘memesan’ ⇒disorder ‘tidak memesan’ dis- + connect ‘menyambung’ ⇒disconnect ‘tidak menyambung’ dis- + believe ‘percaya’ ⇒disbelieve ‘tidak percaya’ dis- + miss ‘kehilangan’ ⇒dismiss ‘tidak kehilangan’ b. Distribution Prefix dis- in English can be added to verbs. Examples: dis- + accord[n] ‘menyetujui’ ⇒disaccord ‘tidak setuju’ dis- + oil[n] ‘meminyaki’ ⇒disoil ‘tidak meminyaki’ dis- + lead[n] ‘pimpin’ ⇒dislead ‘tidak dipimpin’ c. Function Prefix dis- in English does not function to change part of speech. Examples: order[v] ‘memesan’ ⇒disorder[v] ‘tidak memesan’ pay [v] ‘membayar’ ⇒dispay[v] ‘tidak membayar’ believe[v] ‘percaya’ ⇒disbelieve[v] ‘tidak percaya’ Universitas Sumatera Utara 34 d. Notion The meanings of prefix dis- in English is refusing or disagreeing to the meanings mentioned in the base form. Examples: dis- + agree ‘setuju’ ⇒disagree ‘tidak setuju’ dis- + affirm ‘menegaskan’ ⇒disaffirm ‘tidak menegaskan’ dis- + solve ‘menyelesaikan’ ⇒ dissolve ‘tidak menyelesaikan’ 15 Prefix en- a. Form Prefix en- in English does not change the form of the base form. Examples: en- + slave ‘budak’ ⇒enslave ‘memperbudak’ en- + snare ‘jerat’ ⇒ensnare ‘memikat’ en- + tomb ‘kuburan’ ⇒entomb ‘memakamkan’ en- + vision ‘penglihatan’ ⇒envision ‘memimpikan’ b. Distribution Prefix en- in english can be added to: 1. verbs Examples: en- + treat[v] ‘menjamu’ ⇒entreat ‘memohon’ en- + trust[v] ‘percaya’ ⇒entrust ‘mempercayakan’ Universitas Sumatera Utara 35 en- + list[v] ‘mendaftarkan’ ⇒enlist ‘memperoleh’ 2. nouns Examples: en- + train[n] ‘kereta api’ ⇒entrain ‘menaiki kereta api’ en- + compass[n] ‘kompas’ ⇒encompas ‘meliputi’ en- + plane[n] ‘pesawat’ ⇒enplane ‘menaiki pesawat Udara’ 3. adjectives Examples: en- + danger[adj] ‘bahaya’ ⇒endanger ‘mengancam’ en- + large[adj] ‘luas’ ⇒enlarge ‘memperluas’ en- + rich[adj] ‘kaya’ ⇒enrich ‘memperkaya’ c. Function Prefix en- functions to change part of speech. 1 nouns to verbs Examples: mesh[n] ‘lobang mata jaring’ ⇒enmesh[v] ‘menangkap dengan jaring’ twine[n] ‘benang ikat’ ⇒entwine[v] ‘melilitkan’ capture [n] ‘rasa gembira’ ⇒enrapture[v] ‘memesonakan’ 2 adjectives into verbs Examples: rich[adj] ‘kaya’ ⇒enrich[v] ‘memperkaya’ danger [adj] ‘bahaya’ ⇒endanger[v] ‘mengancam’ Universitas Sumatera Utara 36 large [adj] ‘luas’ ⇒enlarge[v] ‘memperluas’ 3 verbs still verbs treat [v] ‘menjamu’ ⇒entreat[v] ‘memohon’ list[v] ‘mendaftarkan’ ⇒enlist[v] ‘memperoleh’ trust[v] ‘percaya’ ⇒entrust[v] ‘mempercayakan’ d. Notion The meanings of prefix en- when we add it to the base form are to state the action mentioned in the base form. Examples: en- + slave ‘budak’ ⇒enslave ‘memperbudak’ en- + rich ‘kaya’ ⇒enrich ‘memperkaya’ en- + wrap ‘bungkusan’ ⇒enwrap ‘membungkus’ en- + grave ‘lukisan’ ⇒engrave ‘melukis’ en- + treat ‘menjamu’ ⇒entreat ‘memohon’ en- + trust ‘percaya’ ⇒entrust ‘mempercayakan’ 16 Prefix ex- a. Form Prefix ex- in Enmglish does not change the form of the base form. Examples: ex- + wife ‘isteri’ ⇒exwife ‘bekas istri’ ex- + husband ‘suami’ ⇒exhusband ‘bekas suami’ ex- + serviceman ‘tukang reparasi’ ⇒exserviceman‘bekas tukang reparasi’ Universitas Sumatera Utara 37 b. Distribution Prefix ex- in English can be added to nouns. Examples: ex- + president[n] ‘presiden’ ⇒expresident ‘bekas presiden’ ex- + minister [n] ‘menteri’ ⇒exminister ‘bekas menteri’ ex- + schoolroom[n] ‘ruang sekolah’ ⇒exschoolroom ‘bekas ruang sekolah ex- + teacher[n] ‘guru’ ⇒exteacher ‘bekas guru’ c. Function Prefix ex- in kata bendan English does not function to change part of speech. dean[n] ‘dekan’ ⇒exdean[n] ‘bekas dekan’ governor[n] ‘gubernur’ ⇒exgovernor[n] ‘bekas gubernur’ regent[n] ‘bupati’ ⇒exregent[n] ‘bekas bupati’ d. Notion The meanings of prefix ex- in English to state has ever experienced in the meanings mentioned in the base form. Examples: ex + soldier ‘prajurit’ ⇒exsoldier ‘bekas prajurit’ ex + military ‘militer’ ⇒exmilitary ‘bekas militer’ ex + consul ‘konsul’ ⇒exconsul ‘bekas konsul’ 17 Prefix extra- a. Form Prefix extra- in English does not change the form. Examples: Universitas Sumatera Utara 38 extra- + sensory ‘alat pancaindra’ ⇒extrasensory ‘di luar jangkauan’ extra- + day ‘hari’ ⇒extraday ‘hari tambahan’ extra- + curricular ‘rencana pelajaran’ ⇒extracurricular ‘di luar rencana pelajaran’ b. Distribution Prefix extra- in English can be added to nouns. Examples: extra- + salary[n] ‘gaji’ ⇒extrasalary ‘di luar gaji’ extra- + paper[n] ‘kertas’ ⇒extrapapaer ‘kertas di luar keperluan’ extra- + material[n] ‘bahan’ ⇒extramaterial ‘di luar bahan’ c. Function Prefix extra- in English functions to change nouns into adjectives. Examples: charge[n] ‘biaya’ extracharge[adj] ‘di luar biaya’ mural [n] ‘lukisan dinding’ extramural[adj] ‘di luar sekolah’ catedral[n] ‘katedral’ extracathedral[adj] ‘di luar katedral’ d. Notion The meanings of prefix extra- in English to state extra or addition as it mentioned in the base form. Examples: extra- + sensory ‘alat pancaindra’ ⇒ extrasensory ‘di luar jangkauan’ extra- + mural ‘lukisan dinding’ ⇒extramural ‘di luar sekolah’ extra- + salary ‘gaji’ ⇒extrasalary ‘di luar gaji’ Universitas Sumatera Utara 39 18 Prefix fore- a. Form Prefix fore- in English does not change the form. Examples: fore- + ground ‘tanah’ ⇒foreground ‘tanah yang terdepan’ fore- + close ‘menutup’ ⇒foreclose ‘menyita sebelumnya’ fore- + man ‘laki-laki’ ⇒foreman ‘kepala tukang’ b. Distribution Prefix fore- in English can be added to: 1 nouns Examples: fore- + head[n] ‘kepala’ ⇒forehead ‘kening’ fore- + father[n] ‘ayah’ ⇒forefather ‘nenek moyang’ fore- + word[n] ‘kata’ ⇒foreword ‘kata pendahuluan’ 2 verbs Examples: fore- + tell[v] ‘mengatakan’ ⇒foretell ‘mengatakan terlebih dahulu’ fore- + taste[v] ‘merasa’ ⇒foretaste ‘merasa terlebih dahulu’ fore- + go[v] ‘pergi’ ⇒forego ‘pergi terlebih dahulu’ c. Function Prefix fore- in English does not function to change part of speech. Examples: arm[n] ‘lengan’ ⇒forearm[n] ‘lengan bawah’ Universitas Sumatera Utara 40 name[n] ‘nama’ ⇒forename[n] ‘nama kecil’ lock[n] ‘kunci’ ⇒forelock[n] ‘gembok’ warn[n] ‘memperingati’ ⇒forewarn[n] ‘memperingati lebih dahulu’ d. Notion The meanings of prefix fore- in English to state the things before the meanings mentioned in the base form. Examples: fore- + tell[v] ‘mengatakan’ ⇒foretell ‘mengatakan terlebih dahulu’ fore- + see[v] ‘melihat’ ⇒foresee ‘melihat terlebih dahulu’ fore- + bear[v] ‘lahir’ ⇒forebear ‘yang lahir terlebih dahulu’ fore- + noon[v]‘tengah hari’ ⇒forenoon ‘sebelum tengah hari’ 19 Prefix in- a. Form Prefix in- in English does not change the form of the base form. Examples: in- + ability ‘kesanggupan’ inability ‘ketidaksanggupan’ in- + accuracy ‘kesamaan’ inaccuracy ‘ketidaksamaan’ in- + activity ‘kegiatan’ inactivity ‘kemalasan’ in- + door ‘pintu’ indoor ‘di dalam rumah’ in- + finite ‘batasan infinite ‘tidak terbatas’ in- + digestion ‘pencernaan indigestion ‘salah cerna’ b. Distribution Prefix in- in English can be added to nouns. Universitas Sumatera Utara 41 Examples: in- + attention[n] ‘perhatian’ ⇒inattention ‘kurang perhatian’ in- + aptitude[n] ‘bakat’ ⇒inaptitude ‘ketidakcakapan’ in- + carnation[n] ‘anyelir’ ⇒incarnation ‘penjelmaan’ c. Function Prefix in- in English does not function to change part of speech. Examples: discretion[n] ‘kebijaksanaan’ ⇒indiscretion ‘ketidakbijaksanaan ability[n] ‘kesanggupan’ ⇒inability ‘ketidaksanggupan’ activity[n] ‘kegiatan’ ⇒inactivity[n] ‘kemalasan’ d. Notion The meanings of prefix in- in English to state noto r opposite of the meanings found in the base form. Examples: in- + finite ‘batasan’ ⇒infinite ‘tidak terbatas’ in- + accuracy ‘kesamaan’ ⇒inaccuracy ‘ketidaksamaan’ in- + aptitude ‘bakat’ ⇒inaptitude ‘ketidakcakapan’ 20 Prefix inter- a. Form Prefix inter- in English does not change the form when we add it to the base form. Examples: inter- + marriage ‘perkawinan’ ⇒intermarriage ‘antar suku’ inter- + national ‘warga negara’ ⇒ international ‘antar bangsa-bangsa Universitas Sumatera Utara 42 inter- + war ‘peperangan’ ⇒interwar ‘antar perang’ b. Distribution Prefix inter- in English can be attached to nouns. inter- + space[n] ‘tempat’ ⇒interspace ‘antar tempat inter- + planet ‘bintang siarah’ ⇒ interplanet ‘antar bintang’ inter- + state ‘negara bagian’ ⇒interstate ‘antar negara bagian’ c. Function Prefix inter- in English functions to change nouns into adjectives. Examples: urban [n] ‘tempat di luar kota’ ⇒interurban[adj] ‘antar lokal’ state[n] ‘negara bagian’ ⇒interstate[adj] ‘antar state’ school[n] ‘sekolah’ ⇒interschool ‘antar sekolah’ d. Notion The meanings of prefix inter- when we add it to the base form, it will state inter the things mentioned in the base form. Examples: inter- + national ‘warga negara’ ⇒international ‘antar bangsa-bangsa inter- + state ‘negara bagian’ ⇒interstate ‘antar negara bagian’ inter- + school ‘sekolah’ ⇒interschool ‘antar sekolah’ Universitas Sumatera Utara 43

4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION