The Reference Words In The Articles Of The Jakarta Post
THE REFERENCE WORDS IN THE ARTICLES
OF THE JAKARTA POST
A Thesis
Submitted to Adab and Humanities Faculty
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Strata I
Muhammad Fahri
NThf.1030 260 27627
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT ·
ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA
2007
ABSTRACT
Muhammad Fahri, The Reference Words in the Articles of the Jakarta Post. A Thesis.
English Letters Department. Letters and Humanities Faculty. State Islamic
University. SyarifHidayatullah Jakarta. September 2007.
This study focuses on the reference words in the articles of the Jakarta Post.
The writer utilizes the qualitative description as the method of this research, which
aims at des·cribing what types of reference that had been proposed by Halliday and
Hasan and supported by other experts in such study. Description analysis method
itself is accumulation data without testing hypothesis. The objective of this research is
making systematic, factual and accurate data Jn other words, this method is nonhypothesis one. The writer uses the tabulation to find the three types of reference in
the article of the Jakarta Post. The writer uses the descriptive data analysis technique,
which aims to find and describe the occurrences of reference in the analysis data.
There are three types of reference; personals, demonstratives, and
comparative. The personal reference is the most dominant of reference that occurs in
every article. The demonstrative reference that occur are neutral and selective both
participant and circumstance. And the comparative reference occurs in general;
identity, similarity, differences. And particular both numerative and epithet.
This study hopefully could be one of the scientific developments in the field
of semantic. Besides that, the result of this study is expected to attract the other
researchers, especially for the students of English Department who want to develop
the similar study of the reference in the future. If those all can be implemented, it will
give enough of significant assets to the scientific development in English reference
study.
'
APPROVEMENT
THE REFERENCE WORDS IN THE ARTICLES
OF THE JAKARTA POST
A Thesis
Submitted to Adab and Humanities Faculty
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Strata I
Muhammad Fahri
NINI. 103026027627
Approved by:
Drs.H.Abdul Hamid,M.Ed
NIP. 150 181 922
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
SYARIF JUDA YATULL AH JAKARTA
2007
LEGALIZATION
The thesis entitled "The Reference Words in the Articles of The Jakarta Post" has
been defended before the Adab and Humanities Faculty's Examination Committee on
October, 01 2007. The thesis has already been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the degree of Strata I
Jakarta, October, 01 2007
Examination Committee
Chair Person,
Secretary,
ｾ＠
Dr. M uha ia Farkban, M.Pd
299 480
ｓ｡･ｦｵｾ｣ｬ＠
Drs. Asep
NIP.1 50 261 902
ｾ
Members:
ｾ＠
ｾﾷＭ
Drs. A. Munir Sonhadji, M.Ed.
NIP .150 050 682
Zaharil Anasy, S.Pd
NIP.
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my
knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by
another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the
award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher
learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.
Jakarta, September 2007
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In tli.e name ofJl.{{a/i., tlie Compassionate, tlie :MercifaC
All praises be to Allah, the Most Gracious who has been giving us the mercies.
Blessing and salutation to his prophet Muhammad who has led us to the straight path.
The writer wishes to express his gratitude to:
Dr. Abdul Chair, the Dean of Adah and Humanities Faculty and his staffs . Dr.
Muhammad Farkhan, M. Pd, the Head of English Letters Department and Dr s.
Asep Saefuddin, M. Pd, the Secretary of English Letters Department. Many thanks
are due to: his beloved father H. Ahmad Sobari, M. Ag and his beloved mother Hj.
Dedeh Adawiyah who have supported him financially and spiritually. He cannot pay
their kindness forever. Ahmad Fauzan, S. Ill, Ilham Fitr:i, Rizka Akmaliyah and
Ahmad Zaki, all his brothers and sister whom he loved very much. His supervisor
Drs. H. Abdul Hamid, M. Ed, for his careful reading of this thesis, for his valuable
suggestions for making this research completely and most of all for his kind
encouragement. The writer thanks to Drs. A. Munir Sonhadji, M.Ed and Zaharil
Anasy, S.Pd. for their valuable critics and revisions of his thesis. He also indebted to
all his lecturers who ever thought him a lot of knowledge. Finally, he greatly thanks
to his classmates in English Letters Department for being together with him in
happiness and sadness.
Muhammad Fahri
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ....... ....... . .... .. .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. .... .. ..... ..... ... ... .. ....1
APPROVEMENT
............................................................... 11
LEGALIZATION
............................................................... 111
DECLARATION
.............................................................. .iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
....................................................... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
....................................................... v1
LIST OF TABLES
................................................................ v111
LIST OF SCHEMES ................................................................ 1x
LIST OF APPENDICES
CHAPTER I
........................................................ x
INTRODUCTION
............... : .................... I
A.
Background of the Study
........................... 1
B.
Focus of the Study
................................... .4
C.
Research Question
................................... .4
D.
Significance of the Study
.......................... .4
E.
Research Methodology
........... . ............... 5
1. Objectives of the Study
..... .. .... ...... : .... .... . 5
2. Method of Research
..... ...... . ...... ... ... .. . 5
3. Technique of Data Analysis
.. ... .... ........ .6
4. Instrument of the Research ......... ...... .. ...... .. .. 6
5. Unit Analysis
............. ... .. .... ......... .. ... 6
6. Place and Time of Research
... .. .......... .. .7
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
....... .......... . 8
A.
Concept of Text
B.
Concept of Reference .... .. .. ... ... ..... ...... ...... .. .. . 9
C.
Types of Reference
CHAPTER III
.. .... .... ... ... ... . ...... . ... .... .. 8
.. . .... .... ..... .. ... .. .... ... .. . .. . 12
a)
Personal Reference
b)
Demonstrative Reference
.................. 17
c)
Comparative Reference
.................. 27
RESEARCH FINDINGS
.......... . ................ 12
........................... 35
A.
Data Description
.................................... 35
B.
Data Analysis ............................................. 36
A1iicle 1: Cabinet reshuffle set for May
.................. 37
Article 2: President says some ministers have to go ........ .40
Article 3: Reshuffle to retain 'rainbow coalition'
........ .44
Article 4: Secularism in modern Turkey and ................. .48
the current political crisis.
Article 5: Fauzi to name running mate today.
Aiiicle 6: Coalition of the titans.
CHAPTER IV
. ........ 56
. ..... .. ... ................ 60
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
......... 66
A.
Conclusion
...... ..... .... ..... ... ... .. ..... ... ... ...... 66
B.
Suggestion
........... .. ... .. ... ................ ... .... . 67
BIBLIOGRAPHY
... . .. .. . ... ..... .. ..... ...... ... .... .... .. ... .. .. . ...... ...... 68
APPENDICES
.... ...... ..... ..... .... ...... ........... ... ....... ..... . ... ... 70
LIST OFT ABLES
1. Table of Personal Reference
........................ ................. ..... 13
2. Table of Specific Determiners
................ ................ .............. 24
3. Table of Data Description .................. .......................... . ......... .43
LIST OF SCHEMES
1. Scheme of Reference
.... ... ...... .... ... .. ... .. .......................... .. 11
2. Scheme of Demonstrative Reference
. ............................... . .... 18
3. Scheme of Comparative Reference
............... ; ..................... 27
LIST OF APPENDICES
1. Cabinet reshuffle set for May. Saturday, April 21 , 2007 .. ................ 70
2. President says some ministers have to go. Saturday, May 5, 2007 ...... 71
3. Reshujjl.e to retain 'rainbow coalition'. Monday, May 7, 2007 .... . ..... 72
4. Secularism in modern Turkey and the current political crisis ............ 73
Monday, May 7, 2007
5. Fauzi to name running mate today. Wednesday, May 30, 2007 ... . ..... 74
6. Coalition of the titans. Wednesday, June 27, 2007 ........................ 75
7. Profile of the Jakarta Post ...................................................... 76
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Language is an important thing in connection with human being, because
people are social creature who cannot live alone and always need an interaction with
others. In making relationship with the others, people use a language for
communication. It is suitable with the definition of language itself. According to
Chomsky as quoted by Kentjono. "Bahasa adalah suatu sistem arbitrer yang
digunakan oleh manusia untuk komunikasi (Language is an arbitrary vocal symbol
used by human being for corrnnunication)." 1
A language has already been defined differently according to various points of
view. In general, it is defined as a means of corrnnunication by which people can
corrnnunicate with others to ｴｲｾｦ･＠
ideas, thoughts, feelings, attitudes or massages.2
In other words, a language with the most essential function as an instrument
of communication within societies has an important role in life. Through the language
people might interact with their social environment. The language is used by the
components of society to convey their opinions, feelings, and experiences as well.
1
2
•
Djoko Kentjono, Dasar Dasar Linguistik ｕｭｵｧｾ
Ｎｾ
Ｎ Ｚ ｊｉＮ＠
•
Muhammad Farkhan, An Introduction to Linguistics (Jakarta: UIN Jakatta Press, 2006) p.8
1984) p.2
People use their language to convey their opinions in many ways. And the
language through its sentences which are related to each other. Those linked
sentences are connected by thing that could make them to be understood. However,
these linked sentences will bring to congruity of meaning. The capability of speaker
to realize the ideas or opinions in the form of connected and meaningful sentences
results a semantic unit, which called text3 • And a text has a texture. What is texture?
What is the connection between texture and the unity of text? Halliday and Hasan
define the concept of texture as follows: "The concept of texture is entirely
appropriate to express the property of 'being text'. A text has texture, and this is what
distinguishes it from something that is not a text. It derives this texture from the fact
that it functions as a unity with respect to its environment. "4
The unity of a text becomes a significant aspect, because the integration
among the parts of text will define it as a text or not. We are going to find it in
example as follows:
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono witnessed a signing of extradition between
Indonesia and Singapore. He hoped it could make close bilateral relationship
between them.
3
4
. Halliday and Ruqiya Hasan,
.
Ibid. p.2
Cohesion in English (London: Longman Group Limited, 1976) p.1
It is clear that he in the second sentence refers back to (is anaphoric to) Susilo
/"
Bambang Yudhoyono in the first sentence and al so it in the second sentence refers to
the presupposed item a signing of extradition in the first sentence, the word them also
refers back to Indonesia and Singapore in the previous sentence. These anaphoric
func tions of he, it and them give cohesion to the two sentences, so that we interpret
them as a whole: the two sentences together constitute a text.
We can characterize any segment of a text in terms of the number and kinds of
ties, which it displays. The example above has just one tie. Then, what is tie? Tie is a
term to refer to a single instance of cohesion, a term for one occmTence of a pairs of
cohesively related items. 5. They are many kinds of cohesive tie, such: reference,
substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, and lexical cohesion 6 . But the writer uses only one
kind of cohesive tie that is reference. By means of reference, a speaker indicates
which things in the world (including persons) are being talked about. 7
This study uses the data samples in the form of journalistic text. The
journalistic text has a function of information media. So, in delivering the mission the
text must be informative. Besides, the language style of journalism has a special
characteristic such as: brief, concise, simple, clear and interesting.
5
6
7
•
Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan. Ibid. p3
.
Ibid. p 4.
James R. Hurford, Semantics: A Course book (Cambri dge: University Press, 198 1) p.18
From the specific characteristic of the journalistic text, this study starts with
and to know the role of reference in forming the special characteristic of text.
Therefore, the writer would like to do the study entitled The Ref erence Words in the
Articles of the Jakarta Post.
B. The Focus of the Study
This study focuses on the reference words in the articles of the Jakarta Post.
There were two reasons the writer selected the articles of the Jakarta Post. Firstly, the
Jakarta Post is a prestigious newspaper respected for its independent views and bold
coverage of various national and international events.
ｓ･｣ｯｮ､ｾｹＬ＠
the Jakarta Post has a
lot of subscribers and readers, and it keeps the readers informed the latest happening.
C. The Research Question
Based on the focus of the study, the main question of the research is. What
types of reference are utilized in the articles of the Jakarta Post?
D. The Significance of the Study
This study hopefully could be one of the scientific developments in the field
of semantic. Besides that, the result of this study is expected to attract the other
researchers, especially for the students of English Depaiiment who want to develop
the similar study of the reference in the future. If those all can be implemented, it will
give enough of significant assets to the scientific development in English reference
study.
E. Reseal'Ch Methodology
1. Objectives of the Study
By doing this research, hopefully the writer will be able to:
a. elaborate the three types of reference; personals, demonstratives, and
comparatives.
b. find the three types of reference in the articles of the Jakarta Post.
2. Method of Research
The writer will utilize the qualitative description as the method of this
research, which aims at describing what types of reference that had been proposed by
Halliday and Hasan. Description analysis method itself is accumulation of data
without testing hypothesis. The objective of this research is making systematic,
factual and accurate data. 8 In other words, this method is non-hypothesis one9 . The
writer uses the tabulation to find the three types of reference in the article of the
Jakru.ta Post.
8
9
•
Sumardi Surya Brata, Metodologi Penelitian (Jakarta: PT Raja Grasindo Pcrsada, 2002) Vol 13 p 18.
• Drs Jumroni, MSi dan Drs Suhaimi, MSi, Metode-metode Penelitian Komunikasi (Jakarta: UIN
Jakarta Press. 2002), p.22
3. Technique of Data Analysis
To get the aim of the research, the writer conducts the following steps:
1. Noting the three types ofreference proposed by Halliday and Hasan
2. Making a table in order to classify the types ofreference.
3. Reading all the contents of the article.
4. Signing up the types of reference occurring within the articles
5. Concluding the collecting data
Those steps will be utilized for analyzing the data in this analysis, the writer
uses the descriptive data analysis technique, which aims to find and describe the
occurrences of reference in the analysis data.10
4. Instrument of Research
The instrument of the research is the writer himself through reading the
aiiicles. He observes the possibility of the types of reference occmTence within the
articles.
5. Unit of Analysis
The analysis units of the reseai·ch are six articles of the Jakarta Post. Here the
writer mentions the title of the text.
10
Drs. M Subana. M.Pd dan Sudrajat S.Pd, Dasar-Dasar Pene/itian flmiah (Bandung: Pustaka Setia.
2005) p.17
1. Cabinet reshujjl.e set for May. Saturday, April 21, 2007
2. President says some ministers have to go. Saturday, May 5, 2007
3. Reshujjl.e to retain 'rainbow coalition '. Monday, May 7, 2007
4. Secularism in modern Turkey and the current political crisis.
Monday, May 7, 2007
5. Fauzi to name running mate today. Wednesday, May 30, 2007
6. Coalition of the titans. Wednesday, June 27, 2007
6. Place and Time of Research
This research is accomplished m semester eight in Adab and Humanities
Faculty of Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University. The entire materials are
taken from the libraries, such as Adab and Humanities faculty Library, The Center
Library of UIN, University of Indonesia Library, South of .Takaita Library and the
other libraries to get more references and informati on.
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A.
Concept of Text
The word text is used in linguistics to refer to any passage, spoken or written,
or whatever length, that does form a unified whole. The writer knows, as general rule,
whether any specimens of our language constitute a text or not. Therefore the text
should be cohesiveness and grannnatically completed. 11
Many experts defined a text in many definitions. In general, Halliday and
Hasan defined it as stated in their book:
A text may be spoken or written, prose or versa, dialogue or monologue. It is
a language in use. It is not grammatical unit, like a clause or a sentence; and it
is not defined by its size. A text is sometimes envisaged to be some kind of
super-sentence, a grannnatical unit that is larger than a sentence but it related
to a sentence in the same way that a sentence is related to a clause, a clause to
a group and so on: by constituency, the composition of larger units out of
smaller one. But this is misleading. A text is not something that is like a
sentence, only bigger; it is something that differs from a sentence in kind. 12
This research uses the concept of cohesion by M.A.K. Halliday and Ruqaiya
Hasan and supported by another experts in such field. The concept of cohesion is a
semantic one: it refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text, and that
define it as a text.
11
12
Drs. Abdul Chacr, Linguistik Umum (Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta. 1994), p .267
Halliday and Rnqaiya Hasan, Joe. cit p .l-2
Cohesion occurs where the interpretation of some elements in the discourse is
dependent on that of another. The one presupposes the other, in the sense that it
cannot be effectively decoded except by recourse to it. When this happens, a relation
of cohesion is set up, and the two elements, the presupposing and the presupposed,
are thereby at least potentially integrated into a text. 13
A good text must be cohesive and coherent. Coherence and cohesion are
pru.1ial synonyms, but coherence is used chiefly in a figurative sense meaning
"logically consistent, understandable," whereas cohesion is again simply "a sticking
together." 14 . In this paper coherence will be not discusses because coherence
represents a Ｍ ｾ｝
Ｎ ｾｊ＠
. .Ａｾｧ＠
· and a connection which is brought about something
outside the text. 15
B.
Concept of Reference
There are certain items m every language which have the property of
reference, in the specific sense in which we ru.·e using the term here; that is to say,
instead of being interpreted semantically in their own right, they make reference to
something else for their interpretation.
13
Jbidp.4
14
• Kenneth G. Wilson (1923). Tue Columbia Guide to Standard American English; Cohesion and
Coherence. Accessed on Jm1e 10, 2007 http://www.bartleby.com/68/36/136.html.
15
J.D Parera, Teori Semantik,
2 nd
ed. (Jakarta: Erlangga, 1991 ), p.111
In English these items are personal, demonstrative, and comparative. 16 Those
types will be explained in o.ther segment of explanation.
Reference is another well-researched area within linguistics. It is defined by
Halliday & Hasan as a case where the information to be retrieved is the referential
meaning, the identity of the particular thing or class of things that is being referred to.
The cohesion lies 11 in the continuity of reference, whereby the same thing enters into
the discourse a second time. ul? To have further description of reference, the writer
observes:
1. Exophoric and Endophoric Reference
The writer shall find it useful in the discussion to have a special te1m for
situational reference. This refers to as exophora, or exophoric reference: and
endophora or endophoric as a general name for reference within the text. Endophoric
reference, both anaphoric and cataphoric tend to the grammatical semantic. In
contrast with the exophoric reference that tends to a lexical semantic. 18 As one of
grammatical ties of cohesive devices, reference is used to tie pieces of text together in
specific ways. And cohesiveness can be achieved through the use of the following
devices:
16
11
Halliday and Hasan Op.cit p.3 1
/bid. p.3 1
18
J.W.M. Verhaar, AsasAsas Linguistik Umum (Gadjah Mada University Press) p . 390
1. Anaphoric reference is the most common type of reference, used unknowingly
in everyday conversation and writing. It occurs when the writer refers back to
someone or something that has been previously identified, to avoid repetition.
Some examples: replacing "the taxi driver" for the pronoun, "he" or "two
attractive girls" for "they."
2. Cataphoric reference is less common in speech but can be used for dramatic
effect in writing. It occurs when the reader is introduced to someone as an
abstract, before later learning his or her name. For example: "here he
comes .. .our award-winning host...it's *insert name*" Cataphoric references
can also be found in written text.
3. Exophoric reference is also uncommon in speech but can be used to describe
generic or abstract situations in writing. It occurs when the writer ch.oases not
to introduce a character (or group of characters,) but instead refer to them by a
generic word such as "everyone." Because the pronoun "exo" literally
translates as "outside," the persons or events referred to in this manner will
never be identified by the writer. 19
We can summarize reference with a scheme to make it easier to grasp :
Scheme: 1
Reference
*
Exophora
(situational I cxtralingual)
endophora
(textual I intralingual)
•
anaphora
(to preceding text)
cataphora
(to following text)
As a general rule, therefore, reference items may be exophoric or endophoric :
and, if endophoric, they may be anaphoric or cataphoric. The scheme will allow us to
recognize certain distinctions within the class of reference items, according to their
different uses and 'phoric' tendencies.
19
.Cohesion, Free Ensyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation Accessed on June I 0, 2007
http ://en.wikipedi a.org/wiki/Cohesion_( Iingu istics)
Reference deals with the relationship between the linguistic elements, words,
sentences, etc, and the non-linguistic world of experiences. Sense relates to the
complex system of relationship that holds between the linguistic elements themselves
(mostly the words). It is concerned only with intra-linguistic relation.
C.
20
Types of Reference
There are three types of reference: personal, demonstrative, and comparative.
Personal reference is reference by means of function in the speech situation, through
the category of person. Demonstrative reference is reference by means of location, on
scale of proximity. Comparative reference is indirect reference by means of identity
or similarity .21
1. Personal Reference
The category of personals includes the three classes of personal pronouns,
possessive determiners (usually called 'possessive adjective'), and possessive
pronouns. There is no general name for this category in traditional grammar, because
the members of it belong to different classes with diverse structural roles; but in fact
they represent a single system, that of person. To have further description of personal
reference, the writer concludes it on the table below:
20
F.R. Palmer, Semantics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981) p.29
21
Hal lid ay and Hasan. Op.cit. p.3 7
Table: 1
Table of Personal reference
Personal pronoun
Subjective
case
151 PERSON
Singular
Plural
2n
OF THE JAKARTA POST
A Thesis
Submitted to Adab and Humanities Faculty
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Strata I
Muhammad Fahri
NThf.1030 260 27627
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT ·
ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA
2007
ABSTRACT
Muhammad Fahri, The Reference Words in the Articles of the Jakarta Post. A Thesis.
English Letters Department. Letters and Humanities Faculty. State Islamic
University. SyarifHidayatullah Jakarta. September 2007.
This study focuses on the reference words in the articles of the Jakarta Post.
The writer utilizes the qualitative description as the method of this research, which
aims at des·cribing what types of reference that had been proposed by Halliday and
Hasan and supported by other experts in such study. Description analysis method
itself is accumulation data without testing hypothesis. The objective of this research is
making systematic, factual and accurate data Jn other words, this method is nonhypothesis one. The writer uses the tabulation to find the three types of reference in
the article of the Jakarta Post. The writer uses the descriptive data analysis technique,
which aims to find and describe the occurrences of reference in the analysis data.
There are three types of reference; personals, demonstratives, and
comparative. The personal reference is the most dominant of reference that occurs in
every article. The demonstrative reference that occur are neutral and selective both
participant and circumstance. And the comparative reference occurs in general;
identity, similarity, differences. And particular both numerative and epithet.
This study hopefully could be one of the scientific developments in the field
of semantic. Besides that, the result of this study is expected to attract the other
researchers, especially for the students of English Department who want to develop
the similar study of the reference in the future. If those all can be implemented, it will
give enough of significant assets to the scientific development in English reference
study.
'
APPROVEMENT
THE REFERENCE WORDS IN THE ARTICLES
OF THE JAKARTA POST
A Thesis
Submitted to Adab and Humanities Faculty
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Strata I
Muhammad Fahri
NINI. 103026027627
Approved by:
Drs.H.Abdul Hamid,M.Ed
NIP. 150 181 922
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
SYARIF JUDA YATULL AH JAKARTA
2007
LEGALIZATION
The thesis entitled "The Reference Words in the Articles of The Jakarta Post" has
been defended before the Adab and Humanities Faculty's Examination Committee on
October, 01 2007. The thesis has already been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the degree of Strata I
Jakarta, October, 01 2007
Examination Committee
Chair Person,
Secretary,
ｾ＠
Dr. M uha ia Farkban, M.Pd
299 480
ｓ｡･ｦｵｾ｣ｬ＠
Drs. Asep
NIP.1 50 261 902
ｾ
Members:
ｾ＠
ｾﾷＭ
Drs. A. Munir Sonhadji, M.Ed.
NIP .150 050 682
Zaharil Anasy, S.Pd
NIP.
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my
knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by
another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the
award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher
learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.
Jakarta, September 2007
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In tli.e name ofJl.{{a/i., tlie Compassionate, tlie :MercifaC
All praises be to Allah, the Most Gracious who has been giving us the mercies.
Blessing and salutation to his prophet Muhammad who has led us to the straight path.
The writer wishes to express his gratitude to:
Dr. Abdul Chair, the Dean of Adah and Humanities Faculty and his staffs . Dr.
Muhammad Farkhan, M. Pd, the Head of English Letters Department and Dr s.
Asep Saefuddin, M. Pd, the Secretary of English Letters Department. Many thanks
are due to: his beloved father H. Ahmad Sobari, M. Ag and his beloved mother Hj.
Dedeh Adawiyah who have supported him financially and spiritually. He cannot pay
their kindness forever. Ahmad Fauzan, S. Ill, Ilham Fitr:i, Rizka Akmaliyah and
Ahmad Zaki, all his brothers and sister whom he loved very much. His supervisor
Drs. H. Abdul Hamid, M. Ed, for his careful reading of this thesis, for his valuable
suggestions for making this research completely and most of all for his kind
encouragement. The writer thanks to Drs. A. Munir Sonhadji, M.Ed and Zaharil
Anasy, S.Pd. for their valuable critics and revisions of his thesis. He also indebted to
all his lecturers who ever thought him a lot of knowledge. Finally, he greatly thanks
to his classmates in English Letters Department for being together with him in
happiness and sadness.
Muhammad Fahri
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ....... ....... . .... .. .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. .... .. ..... ..... ... ... .. ....1
APPROVEMENT
............................................................... 11
LEGALIZATION
............................................................... 111
DECLARATION
.............................................................. .iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
....................................................... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
....................................................... v1
LIST OF TABLES
................................................................ v111
LIST OF SCHEMES ................................................................ 1x
LIST OF APPENDICES
CHAPTER I
........................................................ x
INTRODUCTION
............... : .................... I
A.
Background of the Study
........................... 1
B.
Focus of the Study
................................... .4
C.
Research Question
................................... .4
D.
Significance of the Study
.......................... .4
E.
Research Methodology
........... . ............... 5
1. Objectives of the Study
..... .. .... ...... : .... .... . 5
2. Method of Research
..... ...... . ...... ... ... .. . 5
3. Technique of Data Analysis
.. ... .... ........ .6
4. Instrument of the Research ......... ...... .. ...... .. .. 6
5. Unit Analysis
............. ... .. .... ......... .. ... 6
6. Place and Time of Research
... .. .......... .. .7
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
....... .......... . 8
A.
Concept of Text
B.
Concept of Reference .... .. .. ... ... ..... ...... ...... .. .. . 9
C.
Types of Reference
CHAPTER III
.. .... .... ... ... ... . ...... . ... .... .. 8
.. . .... .... ..... .. ... .. .... ... .. . .. . 12
a)
Personal Reference
b)
Demonstrative Reference
.................. 17
c)
Comparative Reference
.................. 27
RESEARCH FINDINGS
.......... . ................ 12
........................... 35
A.
Data Description
.................................... 35
B.
Data Analysis ............................................. 36
A1iicle 1: Cabinet reshuffle set for May
.................. 37
Article 2: President says some ministers have to go ........ .40
Article 3: Reshuffle to retain 'rainbow coalition'
........ .44
Article 4: Secularism in modern Turkey and ................. .48
the current political crisis.
Article 5: Fauzi to name running mate today.
Aiiicle 6: Coalition of the titans.
CHAPTER IV
. ........ 56
. ..... .. ... ................ 60
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
......... 66
A.
Conclusion
...... ..... .... ..... ... ... .. ..... ... ... ...... 66
B.
Suggestion
........... .. ... .. ... ................ ... .... . 67
BIBLIOGRAPHY
... . .. .. . ... ..... .. ..... ...... ... .... .... .. ... .. .. . ...... ...... 68
APPENDICES
.... ...... ..... ..... .... ...... ........... ... ....... ..... . ... ... 70
LIST OFT ABLES
1. Table of Personal Reference
........................ ................. ..... 13
2. Table of Specific Determiners
................ ................ .............. 24
3. Table of Data Description .................. .......................... . ......... .43
LIST OF SCHEMES
1. Scheme of Reference
.... ... ...... .... ... .. ... .. .......................... .. 11
2. Scheme of Demonstrative Reference
. ............................... . .... 18
3. Scheme of Comparative Reference
............... ; ..................... 27
LIST OF APPENDICES
1. Cabinet reshuffle set for May. Saturday, April 21 , 2007 .. ................ 70
2. President says some ministers have to go. Saturday, May 5, 2007 ...... 71
3. Reshujjl.e to retain 'rainbow coalition'. Monday, May 7, 2007 .... . ..... 72
4. Secularism in modern Turkey and the current political crisis ............ 73
Monday, May 7, 2007
5. Fauzi to name running mate today. Wednesday, May 30, 2007 ... . ..... 74
6. Coalition of the titans. Wednesday, June 27, 2007 ........................ 75
7. Profile of the Jakarta Post ...................................................... 76
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Language is an important thing in connection with human being, because
people are social creature who cannot live alone and always need an interaction with
others. In making relationship with the others, people use a language for
communication. It is suitable with the definition of language itself. According to
Chomsky as quoted by Kentjono. "Bahasa adalah suatu sistem arbitrer yang
digunakan oleh manusia untuk komunikasi (Language is an arbitrary vocal symbol
used by human being for corrnnunication)." 1
A language has already been defined differently according to various points of
view. In general, it is defined as a means of corrnnunication by which people can
corrnnunicate with others to ｴｲｾｦ･＠
ideas, thoughts, feelings, attitudes or massages.2
In other words, a language with the most essential function as an instrument
of communication within societies has an important role in life. Through the language
people might interact with their social environment. The language is used by the
components of society to convey their opinions, feelings, and experiences as well.
1
2
•
Djoko Kentjono, Dasar Dasar Linguistik ｕｭｵｧｾ
Ｎｾ
Ｎ Ｚ ｊｉＮ＠
•
Muhammad Farkhan, An Introduction to Linguistics (Jakarta: UIN Jakatta Press, 2006) p.8
1984) p.2
People use their language to convey their opinions in many ways. And the
language through its sentences which are related to each other. Those linked
sentences are connected by thing that could make them to be understood. However,
these linked sentences will bring to congruity of meaning. The capability of speaker
to realize the ideas or opinions in the form of connected and meaningful sentences
results a semantic unit, which called text3 • And a text has a texture. What is texture?
What is the connection between texture and the unity of text? Halliday and Hasan
define the concept of texture as follows: "The concept of texture is entirely
appropriate to express the property of 'being text'. A text has texture, and this is what
distinguishes it from something that is not a text. It derives this texture from the fact
that it functions as a unity with respect to its environment. "4
The unity of a text becomes a significant aspect, because the integration
among the parts of text will define it as a text or not. We are going to find it in
example as follows:
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono witnessed a signing of extradition between
Indonesia and Singapore. He hoped it could make close bilateral relationship
between them.
3
4
. Halliday and Ruqiya Hasan,
.
Ibid. p.2
Cohesion in English (London: Longman Group Limited, 1976) p.1
It is clear that he in the second sentence refers back to (is anaphoric to) Susilo
/"
Bambang Yudhoyono in the first sentence and al so it in the second sentence refers to
the presupposed item a signing of extradition in the first sentence, the word them also
refers back to Indonesia and Singapore in the previous sentence. These anaphoric
func tions of he, it and them give cohesion to the two sentences, so that we interpret
them as a whole: the two sentences together constitute a text.
We can characterize any segment of a text in terms of the number and kinds of
ties, which it displays. The example above has just one tie. Then, what is tie? Tie is a
term to refer to a single instance of cohesion, a term for one occmTence of a pairs of
cohesively related items. 5. They are many kinds of cohesive tie, such: reference,
substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, and lexical cohesion 6 . But the writer uses only one
kind of cohesive tie that is reference. By means of reference, a speaker indicates
which things in the world (including persons) are being talked about. 7
This study uses the data samples in the form of journalistic text. The
journalistic text has a function of information media. So, in delivering the mission the
text must be informative. Besides, the language style of journalism has a special
characteristic such as: brief, concise, simple, clear and interesting.
5
6
7
•
Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan. Ibid. p3
.
Ibid. p 4.
James R. Hurford, Semantics: A Course book (Cambri dge: University Press, 198 1) p.18
From the specific characteristic of the journalistic text, this study starts with
and to know the role of reference in forming the special characteristic of text.
Therefore, the writer would like to do the study entitled The Ref erence Words in the
Articles of the Jakarta Post.
B. The Focus of the Study
This study focuses on the reference words in the articles of the Jakarta Post.
There were two reasons the writer selected the articles of the Jakarta Post. Firstly, the
Jakarta Post is a prestigious newspaper respected for its independent views and bold
coverage of various national and international events.
ｓ･｣ｯｮ､ｾｹＬ＠
the Jakarta Post has a
lot of subscribers and readers, and it keeps the readers informed the latest happening.
C. The Research Question
Based on the focus of the study, the main question of the research is. What
types of reference are utilized in the articles of the Jakarta Post?
D. The Significance of the Study
This study hopefully could be one of the scientific developments in the field
of semantic. Besides that, the result of this study is expected to attract the other
researchers, especially for the students of English Depaiiment who want to develop
the similar study of the reference in the future. If those all can be implemented, it will
give enough of significant assets to the scientific development in English reference
study.
E. Reseal'Ch Methodology
1. Objectives of the Study
By doing this research, hopefully the writer will be able to:
a. elaborate the three types of reference; personals, demonstratives, and
comparatives.
b. find the three types of reference in the articles of the Jakarta Post.
2. Method of Research
The writer will utilize the qualitative description as the method of this
research, which aims at describing what types of reference that had been proposed by
Halliday and Hasan. Description analysis method itself is accumulation of data
without testing hypothesis. The objective of this research is making systematic,
factual and accurate data. 8 In other words, this method is non-hypothesis one9 . The
writer uses the tabulation to find the three types of reference in the article of the
Jakru.ta Post.
8
9
•
Sumardi Surya Brata, Metodologi Penelitian (Jakarta: PT Raja Grasindo Pcrsada, 2002) Vol 13 p 18.
• Drs Jumroni, MSi dan Drs Suhaimi, MSi, Metode-metode Penelitian Komunikasi (Jakarta: UIN
Jakarta Press. 2002), p.22
3. Technique of Data Analysis
To get the aim of the research, the writer conducts the following steps:
1. Noting the three types ofreference proposed by Halliday and Hasan
2. Making a table in order to classify the types ofreference.
3. Reading all the contents of the article.
4. Signing up the types of reference occurring within the articles
5. Concluding the collecting data
Those steps will be utilized for analyzing the data in this analysis, the writer
uses the descriptive data analysis technique, which aims to find and describe the
occurrences of reference in the analysis data.10
4. Instrument of Research
The instrument of the research is the writer himself through reading the
aiiicles. He observes the possibility of the types of reference occmTence within the
articles.
5. Unit of Analysis
The analysis units of the reseai·ch are six articles of the Jakarta Post. Here the
writer mentions the title of the text.
10
Drs. M Subana. M.Pd dan Sudrajat S.Pd, Dasar-Dasar Pene/itian flmiah (Bandung: Pustaka Setia.
2005) p.17
1. Cabinet reshujjl.e set for May. Saturday, April 21, 2007
2. President says some ministers have to go. Saturday, May 5, 2007
3. Reshujjl.e to retain 'rainbow coalition '. Monday, May 7, 2007
4. Secularism in modern Turkey and the current political crisis.
Monday, May 7, 2007
5. Fauzi to name running mate today. Wednesday, May 30, 2007
6. Coalition of the titans. Wednesday, June 27, 2007
6. Place and Time of Research
This research is accomplished m semester eight in Adab and Humanities
Faculty of Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University. The entire materials are
taken from the libraries, such as Adab and Humanities faculty Library, The Center
Library of UIN, University of Indonesia Library, South of .Takaita Library and the
other libraries to get more references and informati on.
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A.
Concept of Text
The word text is used in linguistics to refer to any passage, spoken or written,
or whatever length, that does form a unified whole. The writer knows, as general rule,
whether any specimens of our language constitute a text or not. Therefore the text
should be cohesiveness and grannnatically completed. 11
Many experts defined a text in many definitions. In general, Halliday and
Hasan defined it as stated in their book:
A text may be spoken or written, prose or versa, dialogue or monologue. It is
a language in use. It is not grammatical unit, like a clause or a sentence; and it
is not defined by its size. A text is sometimes envisaged to be some kind of
super-sentence, a grannnatical unit that is larger than a sentence but it related
to a sentence in the same way that a sentence is related to a clause, a clause to
a group and so on: by constituency, the composition of larger units out of
smaller one. But this is misleading. A text is not something that is like a
sentence, only bigger; it is something that differs from a sentence in kind. 12
This research uses the concept of cohesion by M.A.K. Halliday and Ruqaiya
Hasan and supported by another experts in such field. The concept of cohesion is a
semantic one: it refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text, and that
define it as a text.
11
12
Drs. Abdul Chacr, Linguistik Umum (Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta. 1994), p .267
Halliday and Rnqaiya Hasan, Joe. cit p .l-2
Cohesion occurs where the interpretation of some elements in the discourse is
dependent on that of another. The one presupposes the other, in the sense that it
cannot be effectively decoded except by recourse to it. When this happens, a relation
of cohesion is set up, and the two elements, the presupposing and the presupposed,
are thereby at least potentially integrated into a text. 13
A good text must be cohesive and coherent. Coherence and cohesion are
pru.1ial synonyms, but coherence is used chiefly in a figurative sense meaning
"logically consistent, understandable," whereas cohesion is again simply "a sticking
together." 14 . In this paper coherence will be not discusses because coherence
represents a Ｍ ｾ｝
Ｎ ｾｊ＠
. .Ａｾｧ＠
· and a connection which is brought about something
outside the text. 15
B.
Concept of Reference
There are certain items m every language which have the property of
reference, in the specific sense in which we ru.·e using the term here; that is to say,
instead of being interpreted semantically in their own right, they make reference to
something else for their interpretation.
13
Jbidp.4
14
• Kenneth G. Wilson (1923). Tue Columbia Guide to Standard American English; Cohesion and
Coherence. Accessed on Jm1e 10, 2007 http://www.bartleby.com/68/36/136.html.
15
J.D Parera, Teori Semantik,
2 nd
ed. (Jakarta: Erlangga, 1991 ), p.111
In English these items are personal, demonstrative, and comparative. 16 Those
types will be explained in o.ther segment of explanation.
Reference is another well-researched area within linguistics. It is defined by
Halliday & Hasan as a case where the information to be retrieved is the referential
meaning, the identity of the particular thing or class of things that is being referred to.
The cohesion lies 11 in the continuity of reference, whereby the same thing enters into
the discourse a second time. ul? To have further description of reference, the writer
observes:
1. Exophoric and Endophoric Reference
The writer shall find it useful in the discussion to have a special te1m for
situational reference. This refers to as exophora, or exophoric reference: and
endophora or endophoric as a general name for reference within the text. Endophoric
reference, both anaphoric and cataphoric tend to the grammatical semantic. In
contrast with the exophoric reference that tends to a lexical semantic. 18 As one of
grammatical ties of cohesive devices, reference is used to tie pieces of text together in
specific ways. And cohesiveness can be achieved through the use of the following
devices:
16
11
Halliday and Hasan Op.cit p.3 1
/bid. p.3 1
18
J.W.M. Verhaar, AsasAsas Linguistik Umum (Gadjah Mada University Press) p . 390
1. Anaphoric reference is the most common type of reference, used unknowingly
in everyday conversation and writing. It occurs when the writer refers back to
someone or something that has been previously identified, to avoid repetition.
Some examples: replacing "the taxi driver" for the pronoun, "he" or "two
attractive girls" for "they."
2. Cataphoric reference is less common in speech but can be used for dramatic
effect in writing. It occurs when the reader is introduced to someone as an
abstract, before later learning his or her name. For example: "here he
comes .. .our award-winning host...it's *insert name*" Cataphoric references
can also be found in written text.
3. Exophoric reference is also uncommon in speech but can be used to describe
generic or abstract situations in writing. It occurs when the writer ch.oases not
to introduce a character (or group of characters,) but instead refer to them by a
generic word such as "everyone." Because the pronoun "exo" literally
translates as "outside," the persons or events referred to in this manner will
never be identified by the writer. 19
We can summarize reference with a scheme to make it easier to grasp :
Scheme: 1
Reference
*
Exophora
(situational I cxtralingual)
endophora
(textual I intralingual)
•
anaphora
(to preceding text)
cataphora
(to following text)
As a general rule, therefore, reference items may be exophoric or endophoric :
and, if endophoric, they may be anaphoric or cataphoric. The scheme will allow us to
recognize certain distinctions within the class of reference items, according to their
different uses and 'phoric' tendencies.
19
.Cohesion, Free Ensyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation Accessed on June I 0, 2007
http ://en.wikipedi a.org/wiki/Cohesion_( Iingu istics)
Reference deals with the relationship between the linguistic elements, words,
sentences, etc, and the non-linguistic world of experiences. Sense relates to the
complex system of relationship that holds between the linguistic elements themselves
(mostly the words). It is concerned only with intra-linguistic relation.
C.
20
Types of Reference
There are three types of reference: personal, demonstrative, and comparative.
Personal reference is reference by means of function in the speech situation, through
the category of person. Demonstrative reference is reference by means of location, on
scale of proximity. Comparative reference is indirect reference by means of identity
or similarity .21
1. Personal Reference
The category of personals includes the three classes of personal pronouns,
possessive determiners (usually called 'possessive adjective'), and possessive
pronouns. There is no general name for this category in traditional grammar, because
the members of it belong to different classes with diverse structural roles; but in fact
they represent a single system, that of person. To have further description of personal
reference, the writer concludes it on the table below:
20
F.R. Palmer, Semantics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981) p.29
21
Hal lid ay and Hasan. Op.cit. p.3 7
Table: 1
Table of Personal reference
Personal pronoun
Subjective
case
151 PERSON
Singular
Plural
2n