The Analysis Of English Pronouns Found In The Articles Of The Jakarta Post Newspaper

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THE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH PRONOUNS FOUND IN THE

ARTICLES OF THE JAKARTA POST NEWSPAPER

A PAPER

BY

DINA ARPINA

REG.NO. 082202025

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA

FACULTY OF CULTURE STUDIES

DIPLOMA III ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM

MEDAN


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It has been approved by

Supervisor,

Dra. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum NIP: 19490423197412 2 001

Submitted to Faculty of Culture Studies, University of Sumatera Utara

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for DIPLOMA (D-III) in English

Approved by

Head of Diploma III English Study Program,

Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A NIP: 19521126198112 1 001

Approved by the Diploma III of English Study Program

Faculty of Culture Studies, University of North Sumatra


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Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the D-III of Examination of the Diploma III of English Study Program, Faculty of Culture Studies, University of Sumatera Utara.

The examination is held on June 15th, 2011

Faculty of Culture Studies, University of North Sumatera

Dean,

Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A NIP: 19511013197603 1 001

Board of Examiner and Reader

Examiners : 1. English Study Program

2. Dra. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum


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AUTHOR'S DECLARATION

I, DINA ARPINA, declare that I am the sole author of this paper. Except where the reference is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.

No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of this paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed : …………..

Date :


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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : DINA ARPINA

Title of Paper : THE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH PRONOUNS FOUND IN THE ARTICLES OF JAKARTA POST NEWSPAPER

Qualification : D-III / Ahli Madya

Study Program : English

I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the discretion of the Librarian of the Diploma III English Department Faculty of Culture Studies USU on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

Signed : ……….

Date :


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ABSTRACT

A working paper entitled "The Analysis of English Pronouns Found in the Articles of the Jakarta Post Newspaper" is about the use of pronouns in sentences contained in the Jakarta Post daily newspaper. The purpose of the topic selection paper this work is to know in detail about how to use various kinds of pronouns in terms of its kind. This paper works by using the methods of literary research using purposive sampling data analysis. In the discussion, this paper presents the work of an example in accordance with the topic sentence is based on a reference book on grammar and be accompanied by giving examples of the use derived from five articles from The Jakarta Post Newspaper, so it can be seen the type of pronoun is often used or become dominant in a newspaper article. From the analysis of data from five articles found that there are eight kinds of pronouns are personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, interrogative pronouns, relative pronouns, indefinite pronouns, reflexive pronouns, and reciprocal pronouns. Overall, the kinds of pronouns that became dominant in five articles is personal pronouns with the percentage of 44.59%, and that are never used are interrogative pronouns, reflexive pronouns, and reciprocal pronouns with the percentage of 0%. Hopefully, this paper paper can be useful for us all.


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ABSTRAK

Kertas karya yang berjudul “The Analysis of English Pronouns Found in The Articles of The Jakarta Post Newspaper” ini membahas tentang penggunaan pronoun di dalam kalimat yang terdapat pada artikel surat kabar harian Jakarta Post. Tujuan dari pemilihan topik kertas karya ini adalah untuk mengetahui secara terperinci tentang bagaimana cara menggunakan berbagai bentuk pronoun yang dilihat dari segi jenisnya. Kertas karya ini menggunakan metode penelitian kepustakaan dengan menerapkan analisis data purposive sampling. Didalam pembahasannya, kertas karya ini memaparkan contoh-contoh kalimat sesuai dengan topiknya yang bersumber pada buku-buku acuannya yang berbasis grammar dan disertai dengan pemberian contoh-contoh penggunaannya yang bersumber dari lima artikel surat kabar The Jakarta Post, sehingga dapat diketahui jenis pronoun yang sering digunakan atau menjadi dominan di artikel surat kabar tersebut. Dari hasil analisis data dari lima surat kabar tersebut, maka diperoleh bahwa terdapat delapan jenis dari pronoun yaitu Personal Pronouns, Possessive Pronouns, Demonstrative Pronouns, Interrogative Pronouns, Relative Pronouns, Indefinite Pronouns, Reflexive Pronouns, and Reciprocal Pronoun. Secara keseluruhan, jenis pronoun yang menjadi dominan di dalam kelima artikel tersebut adalah jenis personal pronoun dengan persentase 44,59 %, dan yang tidak pernah digunakan adalah interrogative pronoun, reflexive pronoun, and reciprocal pronoun dengan persentase 0 %. Semoga Kertas Karya ini dapat bermanfaat bagi kita semua.


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank and praise to the Almighty God Allah SWT for blessing and giving me health, opportunity, and ability to accomplish this paper. Afterwards, invocations and greetings I deliver to the last Prophet

Muhammad SAW who has brought us into the time of humanities.

I would like to thank to Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A as the Dean of Faculty of Culture Studies, and the Head of Diploma III English Study Program, Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A who has shared her time in guiding and advising me in the process of my study. A great many thanks is dedicated to my best supervisor, Dra. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum and my reader, Dra. Persadanta Br. Karo, M.Hum who have guided me in arranging, completing, finishing, and always be patient to resolve my problems during my finishing this paper.

The most special thank is dedicated to my beloved parents, my father,

Arpi Wijaya and my mother, Citra Ningsih who have given me supports, advices, cares, and always pray for me in order to get my best. To my beloved sister Dian, and my younger sister Dila. To my beloved friend Firman thanks for your motivations, advices, and cares that you have given me during my study.

In this occasion, I would like thank to my best friends from English Diploma III 2008, Mira, Lina, Arie, Nur’aini, Lisa, Nina, and the others friend from class A and B that could not be mentioned one by one, on the attention and support to me, thank for all of you. The late Angga, Ijal, Dodi, and Hendra


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thank you for your kindness and attention. Finally, all my mistakes and the lack I am sorry for that. Critical and suggestion for goodness always be hoped.

Medan, June 15, 2011

The writer,

Dina Arpina

Reg. No. 082202025


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ... i

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ... ii

ABSTRACT ... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vii

1. INTRUDUCTION 1. Background of the Study ... 1

2. Problem of the Study ... 3

3. Purpose of the Study ... 3

4. Scope of the Study ... 3

5. Significance of the Study ... 4

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1. What’s Pronoun ... 5

2.2. Kinds of Pronouns ... 5

2.2.1.Personal Pronouns ... 5

2.2.2Interrogative Pronouns ... 12

2.2.3.Relative Pronouns ... 15

2.2.4.Demonstrative Pronouns ... 17

2.2.5.Reflexive Pronouns ... 20

2.2.6.Reciprocal Pronouns ... 21

2.2.7.Indefinite Pronouns ... 22

2.2.8.Possessive Pronouns ... 25

3. METHODOLOGY 3.1. Research Method ... 28

3.2. Data and Data Source ... 28

3.3. Data Analysis Method ... 28

4. THE USAGE OF ENGLISH PRONOUNS IN THE ARTICLES OF THE JAKARTA POST NEWSPAPER 4.1. The Data of the Usage of English Pronoun in the Article of the Jakarta Post Newspaper ... 30

4.2. The Analysis of the Usage of Pronouns in the Articles of the Jakarta Post Newspaper ... 32

4.2.1. The Kinds of Functions of Pronouns Found in the Jakarta Post Newspaper ... 32


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4.2.2. The Dominance Pronouns Found in the Articles of the Jakarta Post Newspaper ... 44

5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1. Conclusions ... 46 5.2. Suggestions ... 49

REFERENCES APPENDICES


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ABSTRACT

A working paper entitled "The Analysis of English Pronouns Found in the Articles of the Jakarta Post Newspaper" is about the use of pronouns in sentences contained in the Jakarta Post daily newspaper. The purpose of the topic selection paper this work is to know in detail about how to use various kinds of pronouns in terms of its kind. This paper works by using the methods of literary research using purposive sampling data analysis. In the discussion, this paper presents the work of an example in accordance with the topic sentence is based on a reference book on grammar and be accompanied by giving examples of the use derived from five articles from The Jakarta Post Newspaper, so it can be seen the type of pronoun is often used or become dominant in a newspaper article. From the analysis of data from five articles found that there are eight kinds of pronouns are personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, interrogative pronouns, relative pronouns, indefinite pronouns, reflexive pronouns, and reciprocal pronouns. Overall, the kinds of pronouns that became dominant in five articles is personal pronouns with the percentage of 44.59%, and that are never used are interrogative pronouns, reflexive pronouns, and reciprocal pronouns with the percentage of 0%. Hopefully, this paper paper can be useful for us all.


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ABSTRAK

Kertas karya yang berjudul “The Analysis of English Pronouns Found in The Articles of The Jakarta Post Newspaper” ini membahas tentang penggunaan pronoun di dalam kalimat yang terdapat pada artikel surat kabar harian Jakarta Post. Tujuan dari pemilihan topik kertas karya ini adalah untuk mengetahui secara terperinci tentang bagaimana cara menggunakan berbagai bentuk pronoun yang dilihat dari segi jenisnya. Kertas karya ini menggunakan metode penelitian kepustakaan dengan menerapkan analisis data purposive sampling. Didalam pembahasannya, kertas karya ini memaparkan contoh-contoh kalimat sesuai dengan topiknya yang bersumber pada buku-buku acuannya yang berbasis grammar dan disertai dengan pemberian contoh-contoh penggunaannya yang bersumber dari lima artikel surat kabar The Jakarta Post, sehingga dapat diketahui jenis pronoun yang sering digunakan atau menjadi dominan di artikel surat kabar tersebut. Dari hasil analisis data dari lima surat kabar tersebut, maka diperoleh bahwa terdapat delapan jenis dari pronoun yaitu Personal Pronouns, Possessive Pronouns, Demonstrative Pronouns, Interrogative Pronouns, Relative Pronouns, Indefinite Pronouns, Reflexive Pronouns, and Reciprocal Pronoun. Secara keseluruhan, jenis pronoun yang menjadi dominan di dalam kelima artikel tersebut adalah jenis personal pronoun dengan persentase 44,59 %, dan yang tidak pernah digunakan adalah interrogative pronoun, reflexive pronoun, and reciprocal pronoun dengan persentase 0 %. Semoga Kertas Karya ini dapat bermanfaat bagi kita semua.


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1. INTRODUCTON

1.1 Background of the Study

Language is one of the most important things in human being, because it plays a great role in human life for making interaction. By using language people can communicate with others, express their feeling and get information. English is one of the International Languages, it has its own structures as the other languages. Besides that, every language has its own rules, therefore, one language has different grammar with others.

By knowing English grammar, it will help people to speak English very well, since there will be many difficulties faced by people who want to communicate in English because of not able to use grammar well. For instance, in using Pronouns.

Pronoun is one of parts of speech (Frank, 1979:1). According to Murray (1808:86) a pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun or a word that is used instead of a noun. Furthermore, Tom Stoppard (1993:23) states that a pronoun is a word used to refer to (and instead of) a noun or noun phrase that has already been mentioned or is known, especially in order to avoid repetition. Then, Houghton (1996:251) states that a pronoun is any of a small class of words used as replacements or substitutes for noun phrases, referring to people or things mentioned in or understood from the context and having very general reference, as I, you, he, she, them, this, who, and what. Next, Alexa Margen (2010) states that a pronoun is as part of speech that substitutes for nouns or noun phrases and


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designates people or things asked for, previously specified, or understood from the context.

According to Sheirer (1989:340) pronoun has an important role in English because it is one of parts of speech that has a very great influence in mastering English. Furthermore, Mitchell (1992) and Zuber and Reid (1993) (Access from the internet on 2nd April 2011) state that a pronoun is a very important thing in mastering English because it is a word used to refer to (and instead of) a noun or noun phrase that has been mentioned or known, especially in order to avoid repetition so it can make our English language skill to be better. Besides that, according to Casey (1997:231) a pronoun has an important role in writing the articles, because Cases of pronouns are simple and are easy to be understood. Pronoun is used in order to avoid the repetition the words in the articles, because the repetition will make the sentences to be confused or any grammatical errors in your article’s writing.

English dominates the exchange of news around the world, such as news article in a newspaper, for instance, Jakarta Post. This newspaper uses English as the medium of communication. Moreover, its articles there are many kinds of pronouns used such as Personal Pronouns, Possessive Pronouns, Demonstrative Pronouns, Interrogative Pronouns, Relative Pronouns, Indefinite Pronouns, Reflexive Pronouns, and Reciprocal Pronoun.

Based on the previous explanation, I will analyze the use of pronouns in the articles of Jakarta Post Newspaper because it is very important to influence


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our skill in English language to communicate if it must be mastered well. Besides, I want to know how often the pronouns are used in those articles.

1.2 Problem of the Study

1. What kinds of pronouns are used in the articles of Jakarta Post Newspaper?

2. What is the function of pronoun used in the articles of Jakarta Post Newspaper?

3. What is the dominant pronoun used in the articles of Jakarta Post Newspaper ?

1. 3 Purpose of the Study

The purposes of the study are:

1. To find out and classify the kinds of pronouns used in the articles of Jakarta Post Newspaper

2. To describe the function of pronouns used in the articles of Jakarta Post Newspaper.

3. To find out the most dominant pronoun used in the articles of Jakarta Post Newspaper.

1.4 Scope of the Study

The study is focused on the kinds and function of the pronouns in the articles of Jakarta Post Newspaper. Pronoun will be explained in more details. There are many things in English to be discussed. But in order to make the readers


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not be confused, I just limit the study on the kinds and function of pronouns found in the articles of Jakarta Post Newspaper.

1.5 Significance of the study

I expect that:

1. The reader will be easier to understand and avoid getting confused of using pronouns.

2. This paper can help the reader in using pronouns in English and use them in daily conversation.

3. This paper can enrich the readers’ knowledge about grammar, especially pronouns in English.


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2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 What’s Pronoun

Pamela (2005:126) states that “ pronouns take the place of nouns “. What this means is that pronouns often are used instead of nouns to avoid repetition of nouns.

Barron (2002:12) states that a pronoun is a reference noun that has been mentioned before in conversation or in writing, the reference noun is called the “ antecedent of the pronoun “ because it has been mentioned before. “ Ante “ means “ before “. For example, in the following sentence, the word them is a pronoun that refers to the noun secretaries.

Example:

1. Many secretaries are using computers to help them work faster and more efficiently.

2.2 Kinds of Pronouns

2.2.1 Personal Pronoun

Personal pronoun is usually a three-way contrast is found: first person, in which the speaker refers to himself or to a group usually including himself (I and We): second person, in which the speaker typically refers to the person he is addressing (You): and the third person, in which other people or things are referred to (He, She, It, They) (Wren and Martin, 1990:42).


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According to Aart (1982:44) personal pronoun may be looked up person as noun phrase of the simple possible structure, which as a rule allow neither pre modification nor post modification. Personal pronouns are marked for person: 1st person, 2nd person, 3rd person and also with the exception of you and it, for case: subjective and objective case and for number: singular and plural. The third person singular personal pronouns are also marked for gender: masculine, feminine, neuter (Aart, 1982:42). From the all explanations, personal pronoun is one which distinguishes the speaker, the person or thing being spoken, those are called: first, second, and third person respectively.

Example:

1. Kate and Tom are married, they have two children. “They” refer to Kate and Tom as a subject pronoun.

1. Form of English Personal Pronoun

According to Marcella Frank (1972:29), the personal pronoun changes their form for person (first, second, third person) for number (singular, plural) for gender (masculine, feminine and neuter) and case (subjective and objective case).

To know clearly the forms of English personal pronouns is as the following:


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1.1 Forms of English Personal Pronoun Indicating Person

a. The First Person

It is the pronoun representing or including the person actually the speaking or writing. In order word, it is pronoun that shows the speaker refers to himself. The first person indicates the speaker or writer either singular or plural.

1. The First Person Singular

The first person singular pronoun refers to own self consisting of one person, these are: I and Me.

Examples:

2. I go to supermarket once a week.

3. She brings me a cup of coffee this morning. 2. The First Person Plural

The first person plural pronoun refers to own self consisting of one person. These are: We and Us.

Examples:

1. We eat rice everyday.

2. They sent us a letter two days ago.

b. The Second Person

The second person indicates the person or people spoken to follow talker/s with identical forms for singular and plural.


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The second person singular pronoun refers to the follow talker consisting of one person. That is: You.

Examples:

1. You want to be a famous singer. 2. I saw you in the park yesterday. 2. The Second Person Plural

The second person plural pronoun refers to the follow talker consisting of more one person. That is You.

Example:

1. All of you should do the assignment.

c. The Third Person

The third person pronoun indicates the person or people spoken or written. The third person pronoun has two forms, namely singular and plural.

1. The Third Person Singular

The third person singular pronoun refers to be person or thing which is spoken or written about consisting of a person or thing. The pronoun is she, he, it. The pronoun of this type distinguishes genders namely “masculine, feminine, and neuter gender”.


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We know that living beings are either or female sex. A noun that denotes a male belongs to the masculine. Each of those can replaced by pronoun He.

Examples: Author, host, giant, poet, etc.

A noun that denotes a female belongs to the feminine gender. Each of these can be replaced by pronoun She.

Examples: Authoress, hostess, giantess, poetess.

A noun that denotes either male and female sex belongs to the common gender. Each of these can be replaced by pronoun it because we do not know exactly what the sex are?

Examples: Baby, child, enemy, cousin, etc.

2. The Third Person Plural

The third person plural refers to the person/ thing which are spoken or written about consisting of more than one person. The third person plural does not distinguish genders. The third person plural has two forms They and Them.

1.2 Forms of English Personal Indicating Gender

English personal pronoun indicating gender is classified into three gender,. They are:


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a. The Masculine Gender

The third person singular pronoun of masculine gender two forms. They are: He and Him.

Examples:

2. He was playing guitar when I came. 3. I gave him a book three days ago.

b. The Feminine Gender

The third person singular pronoun of feminine gender has two forms. They are: She and Her.

Examples:

1. She goes to school by bus everyday. 2. I saw her in the library two days ago.

c. The Neuter Gender

The third person singular pronoun of neuter gender has one. That is: It.

Example:

1. The book is a good for the students, it is contain of how to be a good student.

d. The Third Person Plural

The third person plural pronoun refers to the person/ thing which are spoken or written about consisting of more than one. The third person plural


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pronoun does not distinguish genders. The third person plural pronoun has two forms.

They are: They and Them.

Examples:

2. They stole the diamond by breaking the board. 3. The board is broken by them.

1.3 Forms of English Personal Pronoun Indicating Case

Personal pronoun occurs in two cases:

1. The subjective case is functioning as the subject of a sentence (I, you, we, they, she, he, it).

Examples:

1. Jane is student. She is 18 years old.

2. Rio went to the market. He bought some fruit two days ago. 3. Andi and Dika are diligent. They are students.

4. Dimas and I went to Jakarta last month. We visited many interesting places.

5. The fan does not work. Itis broken.

2. The objective case is function as the object of a sentence. (Me, you, us, them, her, his, it).


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1. Jane is a student. All students in class like her. 2. Rio went to the market. I met him on the way.

3. Andi and Dika are diligent student. Because of that, their mother love them.

4. Dimas and I went to Jakarta. Our friend invited us to many interesting places there.

5. The fan does not work. My brother repairs it.

The differences between the first examples in the subjective case and the second examples in the objective case, is the former in the nominative (subjective) case while the latter is in the objective case. The nominative case form is used in a subject noun phrase (the noun that precedes), while the objective form is used in a subject noun phrase (the noun phrase that follows a transitive verb). Personal pronoun she in the first example function as a subject because it is position before the verb. The personal pronoun ‘Her’ in the second example, function as a object because it is position after the verb.

1.4 Forms of English Personal Pronoun Indicating Number

Forms of English personal pronoun indicating number is divided into:

1. Singular: The singular form of noun or pronoun refers to one thing.

Example:

1. The girl is very beautiful. Her name is Yusna. It shows that the girl is only one person.


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2. Plural: Form of noun or pronoun that refers to more one person or more one thing.

Example:

3. The girlsare beautiful. Their name are Wira, Ecy, and Mely. It shows that the girls are more than two people.

2.2.2 Interrogative Pronoun

Interrogative Pronouns are words that are used to ask for question (Slamet Riyanto, 2008:70). According to Pam Marshall (2009) interrogative pronouns are used – you guessed it – when you want to ask a question. In many cases it doesn’t have an antecedent (the word the pronoun references) – thus the need to ask the question in the first place!. The interrogative pronouns (who/which/what) introduce questions. (What is that? Who will help me? Which do you prefer?) Which is generally used with more specific reference than what. If we're taking a quiz and I ask "Which questions give you the most trouble?", I am referring to specific questions on that quiz. If I ask "What questions give you most trouble"? I could be asking what kinds of questions on that quiz (or what kind of question, generically, in general) gives you trouble. In English there are nine basic interrogative pronoun forms (Slamet Riyanto, 2008:70):

1. Whois for a person.

Examples:

1. Whois it? It’s me.


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14 3. Whatis used for asking a thing.

Examples:

1. What do you want? Money and Food. 2. What bus do you take? Sinar Jaya. 3. Which is used for asking a choice.

Examples:

1. Which one is your sister? The one with a T-shirt. 2. Which bus goes to Bali? LORENA.

3. Whenis used for asking the time.

Examples:

1. When did you come? Last week.

2. When were you born? On April 27, 1989. 3. Whereis used for asking a place.

Examples:

1. Where are you going? To the Bank. 2. Where do you live? In Semarang. 3. Whose is used for asking a possession.

Examples:

1. Whose car is that? Rose’s.

2. Whose house is it? Mr. Firman’s.

3. Whomis used for asking a person as an object.


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15 1. Whom did you go with? With Lidia. 2. Whom did you speak to? To Wina. 3. Why is used for asking the reason.

Examples:

1. Whyis she so unhappy? She failed in the job interview. 2. Whydo you come late? I missed the bus.

3. Howis for a thing.

Examples:

1. How do you feel? Fine.

2. Howoften do you play tennis? Once a week.

And if you add the suffix “ever”: whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever, whosever.

Though the above pronouns are certainly common enough, sometimes using them correctly can be a little tricky. Here are a few tips to keep in mind when using interrogative pronouns.

The pronouns “who”, “whom” and sometimes “whose” reference people.

Examples:

1. Who are the signers of the Declaration of Independence?

2. Once you learn to speak French, whom are you going to talk to? 3. Whose car is parked in the lot?


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The pronouns “what” and “which” reference inanimate objects and animals.

Examples:

1. What are you talking about?

2. Which color did you choose for your bedroom wall? “Who” functions as a subject.

Example:

1. Whowill design the new logo?

“Whom” functions as an object of a preposition or object of a verb.

Example:

2. To whomdid you give the note?

2.2.3 Relative Pronoun

Relative Pronouns are used to link two sentences that have the same noun or pronoun in them. Relative pronouns form the beginning of a relative clause (Slamet Riyanto, 2008:72). According t a relative pronoun because it relates to the word that it modifies and is not specific. In English, relative pronouns are:

1. Thatis used for a person or a thing.


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1. Michael Jackson is the world best rock singer that has ever visited our country.

2. Everything that happened here was my responsibility. 3. Whois used for a person.

Examples:

1. The man who is speaking is a bank manager. 2. A pilot is a person whoflies an airplane. 3. Whom is used for a person as object.

Examples:

1. The girl whomI met yesterday had left for Europe. 2. The man whom the car belongs to is a businessman. 3. Whose is used for a person to show a possession.

Examples:

1. A widow is a woman whosehusband is dead.

2. The man whose house is very luxurious works for a foreign private company.

3. Which is used for a thing to show a choice.

Examples:

1. This is the film which tells us about the Vietnam War.


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The relative pronouns (who /which/that) relate groups of words to nouns or other pronouns (The student who studies hardest usually does the best.). The word who connects or relates the subject, student, to the verb within the dependent clause (studies). Choosing correctly between which and that and between who and whom leads to what are probably the most frequently asked questions about English grammar. For help with which/that, Generally, we use "which" to introduce clauses that are parenthetical in nature (i.e., that can be removed from the sentence without changing the essential meaning of the sentence). For that reason, a "which clause" is often set off with a comma or a pair of commas. "That clauses," on the other hand, are usually deemed indispensable for the meaning of a sentence and are not set off with commas. The pronoun which refers to things; who (and its forms) refers to people; that usually refers to things, but it can also refer to people in a general kind of way.

Example:

1. This is the house thatJack built.

The sentence consists of two clauses, a main clause (This is the house) and a relative clause (that Jack built). The word that is a relative pronoun. Within the relative clause, the relative pronoun stands for the noun phrase it references in the main clause (its antecedent).

The expanded forms of the relative pronouns are: whoever, whomever, and whatever are known as indefinite relative pronoun.


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Examples:

2. The coach will select whomeverhe pleases. 3. He seemed to say whatever came to mind. 4. Whoever crosses this line first will win the race.

2.2.4 Demonstrative Pronoun

Demonstrative Pronouns are words that are used to point out something (Slamet Riyanto, 2008:68). According to Martha Kolln (1998) a demonstrative pronoun that points to a particular common demonstrative pronoun is this ( plural these ) and they refer to what is near at hand and that ( plural those ) generally refers to what is farther away. In English, demonstrative pronouns are:

5. Thisis used to point out the singular noun that is near to us.

Examples:

1. This is a nice bag.

2. Thisalbum is good.

3. Theseis used to point out the plural noun that is near to us.

Examples:

1. These are nice bags.

2. These albums are good.

3. That is used to point out the singular noun that is far to us.


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20 1. Thatis an old friend.

2. That is my answer.

3. Thoseis used to point out the plural noun that is far to us.

Examples:

1. Those are old friends.

2. Those problems are very serious.

This; that; these; and those; used in the sentences above are demonstrative pronouns that substitute from the context. They also indicate whether they are replacing words and give the location of the object.

The demonstrative pronoun is also mentioned as determiners, the demonstratives adjectivally modify a noun that follows. A sense of relative distance (in time and space) can be conveyed through the choice of these pronouns/determiners:

Examples:

1. These (pancakes sitting here now on my plate) are delicious. 2. Those (pancakes that I had yesterday morning) were even better. 3. This (book in my hand) is well written;


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A sense of emotional distance or even disdain can be conveyed with the demonstrative pronouns:

Examples:

1. You're going to wear these? 2. This is the best you can do?

When used as subjects, the demonstratives, in either singular or plural form, can be used to refer to objects as well as persons.

Examples:

1. This is my father. 2. That is my book.

In other roles, however, the reference of demonstratives is non-personal. In other words, when referring to students, say, we could write "Those were loitering near the entrance during the fire drill" (as long as it is perfectly clear in context what "those" refers to). But we would not write "The principal suspended those for two days"; instead, we would have to use "those" as a determiner and write "The principal suspended those students for two days."

1. Reflexive Pronoun

Reflexive Pronouns are words that are used to express something that has a reciprocal relation (Slamet Riyanto, 2008:67). According to Rudyard (2003:907) a reflexive pronoun is a-self or -selves, used as a


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refer to a previously name

of the reflexive pronoun is an object that reflects back to the subject and to add emphasis to a noun. In English, reflexive pronouns are: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.

The reflexive pronouns indicate that the sentence subject also receives the action of the verb. (Students who cheat on this quiz are only hurting themselves. You paid yourself a million dollars? (She encouraged herself to do well.) What this means is that whenever there is a reflexive pronoun in a sentence there must be a person to whom that pronoun can "reflect." In other words, the sentence "Please hand that book to myself" would be incorrect because there is no "I" in that sentence for the "myself" to reflect to (and we would use "me" instead of "myself"). A sentence such as "I gave that book to myself for Christmas" might be silly, but it would be correct.

When pronouns are combined, the reflexive will take either the first person.

Example:

1. Juanita, Carlos, and I have deceived ourselves into believing in my uncle.

Or when there is no first person, the second person:


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2. You and Carlos have deceived yourselves.

2.2.6 Reciprocal Pronoun

Reciprocal Pronouns are pronoun that indicate the individual members of a plural subject mutually react one on the other Murphy (1990:375). According to Mark (1990:256) a reciprocal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses mutual action or relationship. Furthermore, Fowler and Aaron (1995) states that we use the reciprocal pronouns to indicate that two people can carry out an action and get the consequences of that action at the same time. In English the reciprocal pronouns are each other and one another. They are convenient forms for combining ideas. If Bob gave Alicia a book for Christmas and Alicia gave Bob a book for Christmas, we can say that they gave each other books (or that they gave books to each other).

Example:

3. My mother and I give each other a hard time.

If more than two people are involved (let's say a whole book club), we would say that they gave one another books. This rule (if it is one) should be applied circumspectly. It's quite possible for the exchange of books within this book club, for example, to be between individuals, making "each other" just as appropriate as "one another."


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Examples:

4. They borrowed each other's ideas.

5. The scientists in this lab often use one another's equipment.

To simplify the sentences where the same general idea is expressed two or more times.

Example:

1. On their wedding day Jhon gave Mary a gold ring and Mary gave Jhon a gold ring.

Using the reciprocal pronoun, “each other”, this could be rewritten:

=> On their wedding day Mary and Jhon gave each other gold rings.

To refer to more than two people, say the students in a classroom, then we could use the reciprocal pronoun, “one another”.

Examples:

2. The students in this classroom cooperate with one another.

3. The teachers gathered to congratulate one another on the year’s conclusion.

The reciprocal pronoun are each other and one another, each other for two people or things, and one another for more than two.


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Indefinite Pronoun are words that are always considered Singular and require a verb in a singular form (Slamet Riyanto, 2008:74). According to Limburg (1993:223) Indefinite pronouns are words which stand for an indefinite number or quantity of persons or things; but, unlike adjective pronouns, they are never used as adjectives.

The indefinite pronouns (everybody/ anybody/ somebody/ all/ each/ every/ some/ none/ one) do not substitute for specific nouns but function themselves as nouns (Everyone is wondering if any is left).

One of the chief difficulties we have with the indefinite pronouns lies in the fact that "everybody" feels as though it refers to more than one person, but it takes a singular verb. (Everybody is accounted for.) If you think of this word as meaning "every single body," the confusion usually disappears. The indefinite pronoun none can be either singular or plural, depending on its context. None is nearly always plural (meaning "not any") except when something else in the sentence makes us regard it as a singular (meaning "not one"), as in "None of the food is fresh." Some can be singular or plural depending on whether it refers to something countable or noncountable.

There are other indefinite pronouns: enough, few, fewer, less, little, many, much, several, more, most, all, both, every, each, any, either, neither, none, some.

Examples:

1. Few will be chosen; fewer will finish. 2. Little is expected.


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Sometimes we may want to talk about people or things, but we may not know who or what they are. We can use anybody instead of anyone; everybody instead of everyone; and so on. We use everybody when we want to include all the people. But we use anybody when we want to refer to just one person, or do not know the person or people we want to include.

Examples:

1. Does everybody know what happened to Anne? ( It looks like everyone knows. )

2. Does anyone know what happened to Anne? ( One or more may or may not know. )

We use both no one and anyone to exclude all people, but we use anyone in negative sentences and no onein positive sentences.

Examples:

3. There wasno one in the room. 4. There wasn’t anyone in the room.

The verb which follows any of the pronouns above is always in the singular:

Examples:

1. Everyone is sleeping soundly. 2. Everything hasbeen lost in the fire.


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The words nothing, no one and nobody are used with affirmative verbs. But they make the sentence negative. If the verb is negative, then use anything, anyone, or anybody instead.

These two sentences mean the same thing. Notice how the pronouns are used:

Examples:

1. We have nothing now.

2. The fire destroyed everything. 3. We don’t have anything now. 4. The fire destroyed everything.

In formal English, we sometimes use one to refer to a person we do not want to name, to people in general, and even to ourselves. We use the same form both as the subject and as the object.

Examples:

1. One must be alert at all times.

2. The collapse of the condominium forces one to consider safety measures.

Oneor onescan also be used to refer to things or people, not necessarily in a general way. Use ones for the plural.

For things:


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2. May your troubles be little ones? For people:

Examples:

1. She is the one who did all the work.

2. The quite students are the ones I worry about.

2.2.8 Possessive Pronoun

Possessive Pronouns are words that is used to show the possession (Slamet Riyanto, 2008:65). According to Leech (2002:145) states that a

take the place of mine").

Furthermore Michael (2002:89) Possessive pronouns are, in short, exactly that: they are the pronouns that help us show possession in the English language. Usually to show possession, we have two options that are grammatically correct. First, we can use an apostrophe and an s:

Example:

1. Sarah’s brother was named Alex. Or, we can use of:

Example:

2. The brother of Sarah was named Alex.

However, when we want to use a pronoun to show possession, we cannot use subject pronouns.


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Example:

3. He name was Alex.

“He” is a subject pronoun. Replace it with the appropriate possessive pronoun, and it will make a lot more sense:

Example:

4. His name was Alex.

To show the possession me and you:

Examples:

5. You can borrow my book as long as you remember that it's not yours. => The possessive “my” depends on the noun “book”.

=> The possessive "yours" is a pronoun which stands in the place of "your book".

We use possessive pronouns to refer to a specific person/people or thing/things (the "antecedent") belonging to a person/people (and sometimes belonging to an animal/animals or thing/things).

We use possessive pronouns depending on:

6. number: singular (eg: mine) or plural (eg: ours).

7. person: 1st person (eg:mine), 2nd person (eg: yours) or 3rd person (eg: his).


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Below are the possessive pronouns, followed by some example sentences. Notice that each possessive pronoun can:

Be subject or object.

Examples:

1. Look at these pictures. Mine is the big one. (subject = My picture). 2. I like your flowers. Do you like mine? (object = my flowers).

3. I looked everywhere for your key. I found John's key but I couldn't find yours. (object = your key).

4. My flowers are dying. Yours are lovely. (subject = Your flowers).


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3. METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Method

In writing this paper, the writer conducts the library research that is by reading the kinds of books as references which have connection to the topics being discussed. The writer take the information from the internet and take five articles in Jakarta Post Newspaper as down purposively, according to Heyer (2006) writing purposively means having or showing a definite intention.

3.2 Data and Data Source

In writing this paper, Source of data is the articles of The Jakarta Post Newspaper published on October 4, 2010; October 11, 2010; and October 20,2010 and the data is 705 sentences that use some kinds of pronouns found in the articles and consists of five articles which are chosen at random, the first article published on Monday, October 4, 2010 with the title of First lady’s music plans spark concerns, the second article published on Monday, October 4, 2010 with the title of Chinese leader promises support for euro and Greece, the third article published on Monday, October 11, 2010 with the title of Market offers used lingerie to branded clothing, the fourth article published on Monday, October 11, 2010 with the title of England enlists coaches to support 2018 W. Cup bid, and the fifth article published on Wednesday, October 20, 2010 with the title of Absent political reforms worry many foreigners, locals.


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3.3 Data Analysis Method

The sample of data analysis is taken by applying the purposive sampling that is a method of selecting sample which has a certain characteristics; the sample can be one or two samples (Santoso dan Tjiptono, 2001). The method of analysis is content analysis with the steps

1. Reading the five articles 2. Identifying the pronouns 3. Classifying the pronouns 4. Analyzing the data

The dominance pronouns can be seen through the percentage of their usage in the article. To get the percentage I apply the Junaidi and Suwono’s formula (2004:40).

The formula:

X = the percentage of each kind of pronoun.

Y = the total number of each kind of pronoun.

N = the total number of kind of pronoun. X = x 100 %


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4. THE USAGE OF ENGLISH PRONOUNS IN THE ARTICLES OF THE JAKARTA POST NEWSPAPER

In completing this paper, I collect the data from the articles of The Jakarta Post Newspaper to support my paper or as the samples to make the discussion clearly and easy to understand.

4.1 The Data of the Usage of English Pronouns in the Articles of the Jakarta

Post Newspaper

The articles are from The Jakarta Post Newspaper published on October 4, 2010; October 11, 2010; and October 20,2010 and the data is 705 sentences that use some kinds of pronouns found in the articles and consists of five articles which are chosen at random, the first article published on Monday, October 4, 2010 with the title of First lady’s music plans spark concerns, the second article published on Monday, October 4, 2010 with the title of Chinese leader promises support for euro and Greece, the third article published on Monday, October 11, 2010 with the title of Market offers used lingerie to branded clothing, the fourth article published on Monday, October 11, 2010 with the title of England enlists coaches to support 2018 W. Cup bid, and the fifth article published on Wednesday, October 20, 2010 with the title of Absent political reforms worry many foreigners, locals. The data are collected and list in the table 4.1 below according to the classification of the usage of pronouns from its kinds such as Personal Pronouns, Possessive Pronouns, Demonstrative Pronouns, Interrogative


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Pronouns, Relative Pronouns, Indefinite Pronouns, Reflexive Pronouns, and Reciprocal Pronoun.

Table 4.1: The identification of the total of kinds of English pronouns found in the articles of The Jakarta Post Newspaper

Day, Date Title Kinds of Pronouns

P I R D R R I P E N E E E E N O R T L M F C D S S E A O L I E S O R T N E P F E N R I S X R I S A O V T I O N S L G E R V C I I A A E A T V T T L E E

I I V V E E Monday,

October 4, 2010

First lady’s music plans spark

concerns 14 - 4 2 - - 2 17 Monday,

October 4, 2010

Chinese leader promises support

for euro and Greece 15 - 5 - - - - 12 Monday,

October 11, 2010

Market offers used lingerie to

branded clothing 20 - 3 - - - 1 3 Monday,

October 11, 2010

England enlists coaches to support

2018 W, cup bid 7 - 2 4 - - 3 9 Monday,

October 20, 2010

Absent political reforms worry

many foreigners, locals 10 - 6 - - - - 9 Total 66 - 20 6 - - 6 50


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4.2 The Analysis of the Usage of Pronouns in the Articles of the

Jakarta Post Newspaper

In this analysis, I describe the kinds and functions of pronouns and also the dominance of them by collecting the samples found in the articles of The Jakarta Post Newspaper.

4.2.1 The Kinds and Functions of Pronouns Found in the Article

of the Jakarta Post Newspaper

a) First Lady’s Music Plans Spark Concerns

There are only five kinds of pronouns found in this article; they are personal pronoun, relative pronoun, demonstrative pronoun, indefinite pronoun, and possessive pronoun.

1. Personal Pronoun

There are only three personal pronouns found in this article; they are she, he, and it.

a. She has tried to avoid any suggestion that she’s profiting from her position, donating her recording royalties on Comme Si De Rien N’etait, which hit No.1 in France to charity.

The function of Personal Pronoun she in the sentence above is used to express the subject of the first lady in France as a wife the president of France as


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the third person singular indicates the person spoken or written and a female belongs to the feminine gender,

b. “Her life at the moment is to be Mrs. Sarkozy,” he says, “and we quite understand that.”

The function of Personal Pronoun we in the sentence above is used to express the first person plural pronoun refers to own self consisting of one person.

2. Relative Pronoun

There are only three relative pronouns found in this article; they are that, who, and which.

a. 11 UK edition of the Economist for a story about her husband’s slump in popularity and two new biographies, which has received heavy press coverage.

The function of Relative Pronoun which in the sentence above is used to express a thing to show a choice.

b. De labbey insists he’s happy with the album’s sales, claiming, ”Everybody would have considered that amazing if she hadn’t been France’s first lady.”

The function of Relative Pronoun that in the sentence above is used to express a person or a thing, but in this sentence that is used to express the person.

3. Demonstrative Pronoun

There is only one relative pronoun found in this article; it is that.

a. That status caused problems when Bruin’s third album, Come Si De Rien N’etait , was released in July 2008, five months after she married Sarkozy.


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The function of Demonstrative Pronoun that in the sentence above is used to point out the singular noun. In this sentence that is used to point out the status from Bruni’s third album.

4. Indefinite Pronoun

There are only two indefinite pronouns found in this article; they are everyone and everybody.

a. Refocusing public perception of Bruni as a recording artist will be crucial for the promotion of her next albums, says Alan Edwards, CEO of London-based PR company the out-side organization, which represents everyone from Naomi Campbell to Amy Winehouse.

The function of Indefinite Pronoun everyone in the sentence aboveis used to to include all the people. In this sentence everyone explains about the people included in Bruni’s recording.

5. Possessive Pronoun

There are only three possessive pronouns found in this article; they are her, its, and their.

1. We had to cancel her International tour for security reasons but also because [French] people might not have accept that their first lady would be on stage, says Bertrand De labbey, CEO of talent agency VMA, who manages Bruni’s music career.

The function of Possessive Pronoun her in the sentence above is used to express the possession from the Bruni’s International tour, whereas the possession


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pronoun their is used to express the possession from the society’s first lady stayed in France.

To show the highest use of kinds of pronouns in the Jakarta Post’s articles

published on Monday, October 4 2010 can be seen in the table below:

Personal Pronouns

I You She He It We They - - 6 5 1 - -

Interrogative Pronouns

Who What Which When Where Whose Whom - - - -

Relative Pronouns

That Who Whom Whose Which 1 1 - - 2

Demonstrative Pronouns

This These That Those - - 2 -

Reflexive Pronouns

Myself Yourself Himself Herself Itself Ourselves Themselves - - - - Reciprocal Pronouns Each other - Indefinite Pronouns

One Anybody Anything Anyone Everyone Everything Everybody - - - - 1 - 1

Possessive Pronouns

My Your His Her Its Our Their - - - 15 1 - 1


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b) Chinese Leader Promises Support For Euro and Greece

There are only three kinds of pronouns found in this article; they are personal pronoun, relative pronoun, and possessive pronoun.

1. Personal Pronoun

There are only five personal pronouns found in this article; they are I, he, it, we, and they.

a. “I have made clear that China supports a stable Euro,” Mr. Wen said during a speech to the Greek Parliament, through an interpreter.

The function of Personal Pronoun I in the sentence above is used to express Mr. Wen as the subject in the sentence as the first person singular pronoun refers to own self consisting of one person.

b.The yield they demand for holding 10-year Greek debt has shot up to 10 percent, compared with 2,3 percent for similar bonds from Germany, making it too expensive for Greece to seek long-term financing in International markets.

The function of Personal Pronoun they in the sentence aboveis used to explain the investors included in seeking the long-term financing in international markets in Greece.

2. Relative Pronoun

There are only three reltive pronouns found in this article; they are that, who, and which.


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a. Mr. Wen, who had offered Saturday to buy Greek government bonds when Athens resumed issuing them, said Sunday that he was glad Greece was emerging from its debt crisis.

The function of Relative Pronoun who in the sentence above is used to explain Mr. Wen as the man included in offering in Greece because who has a function used for a person.

b. Greece, which has received financing through a 110 billion, or about $ 150 billion, bail out from the European Union and the International Monetary Fund, is issuing only short-term treasury bills for the time being.

The function of Relative Pronoun which in the sentence above is used to explain the sentence that Greece included in receiving financing in bail-out from the European Union and the International Monetary Fund and which has a function used for a thing to show a choice.

3. Possessive Pronoun

There are only three possessive pronouns found in this article; they are his, its, and our.

a. “We will not reduce the holding of European bonds in our foreign exchange portfolio.”

The function of Possessive Pronoun our in the sentence above is used to explain the possession from the Europeans.

b. A senior Greek government official said Mr. Wen had made clear his offer concerned buying bonds only when the country returned to markets.

The function of Possessive Pronoun his in the sentence above is used to explain the possession from Mr. Wen as Prime Minister of China.


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To show the highest use of kinds of pronouns in the Jakarta Post’s articles

published on Monday, October 4 2010 can be seen in the table below:

Personal Pronouns

I You She He It We They 1 - - 11 1 1 1

Interrogative Pronouns

Who What Which When Where Whose Whom - - - -

Relative Pronouns

That Who Whom Whose Which 2 1 - - 2

Demonstrative Pronouns

This These That Those - - - -

Reflexive Pronouns

Myself Yourself Himself Herself Itself Ourselves Themselves - - - - Reciprocal Pronouns Each other - Indefinite Pronouns

One Anybody Anything Anyone Everyone Everything Everybody - - - -

Possessive Pronouns

My Your His Her Its Our Their - - 3 - 8 1 -

c) Market Offers Used Lingerie to Branded Clothing

There are only four kinds of pronouns found in this article; they are personal pronoun, relative pronoun, indefinite pronoun, and possessive pronoun.


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1. Personal Pronoun

There are only six personal pronouns found in this article; they are I, you, she, he, it, and we.

a. The market might not be air conditioned, but it is as noisy and crowed as any other market in Jakarta.

The function of Personal Pronoun it in the sentence above is used to express function as the third person pronoun that indicates either male and female sex belongs to the common gender and is used to explain the noisy and crowd’s market included in the sentence.

b. If you are lucky you can find branded merchandise at amazing inexpensive prices.

The function of Personal Pronoun you in the sentence above is used to explain the visitors of market who can find branded merchandise from the market.

2. Relative Pronoun

There are only three relative pronouns found in this article; they are that, who, and which.

a. It is not difficult to locate the second-hand market, which now occupies the former Matahari department store building near Senen Terminal in Central Jakarta.

The function of Relative Pronoun which in the sentence above is used to explain to explain the second-hand market that being difficult to locate.


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b. There are around 300 counters that sell second hand merchandise, Senen market promotional manager Rianta Ginting said, adding that the rent for each counter was Rp. 550,000 per month.

The function of Relative Pronoun that in the sentence above is used to explain 300 counters included in the market that sell second hand merchandise and that has a function used for a person or a thing which is used to connect two sentences.

3. Indefinite Pronoun

There are only one indefinite pronoun found in this article; it is everything.

a. Senen second-hand market providers everything you need at afford able prices, but don’t forget to wash your outfits before wearing them, she said.

The function of Indefinite Pronoun everything in the sentence above is used to explain something which being sold in the Senen second-market.

4. Possessive Pronoun

a. Senen second-hand market providers everything you need at afford able prices, but don’t forget to wash your outfits before wearing them, she said.

The function of Possessive Pronoun your in the sentence above is used to explain the possession from the market visitors.

b. An original pair of Levi’s jeans might only cost Rp. 50,000.

The function of Possessive Pronoun Levi’s jeans in the sentence aboveis used


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to explain the Levi’ product that being sold in the market.

To show the highest use of kinds of pronouns in the Jakarta Post’s articles

published on Monday, October 11 2010 can be seen in the table below:

Personal Pronouns

I You She He It We They 2 4 6 4 3 1 -

Interrogative Pronouns

What Which When Where Whose Whom Why - - - -

Relative Pronouns

That Who Whom Whose Which 1 1 - - 1

Demonstrative Pronouns

This These That Those - - - -

Reflexive Pronouns

Myself Yourself Himself Herself Itself Ourselves - - - - Reciprocal Pronouns Each other - Indefinite Pronouns

One Anybody Anything Anyone Everyone Everything Everybody - - - 1 -

Possessive Pronouns

My Your His Her Its Our Their - 1 - - 2 - -

d) England Enlist Coaches to Support 2018 W. Cup Bid

There are only five kinds of pronouns found in this article; they are personal pronoun, relative pronoun, demonstrative pronoun, indefinite pronoun, and possessive pronoun.


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1. Personal Pronoun

There are only three personal pronouns found in this article; they are I, it, and they.

a. Fans and players from all over the world would find a country in love with the game and I that this would create the environment for fantastic football.

The function of Personal Pronoun I in the sentence above is used to explain about the writer who gives the opinions in his article about loving of football.

b. I have been involved with this bid personally as I strongly believe it would benefit football here and around the world for years to come. The function of Personal Pronoun it in the sentence above is used to explain about the bid personally that would benefit football in the own world and around the world.

2. Relative Pronoun

There are only two relative pronouns found in this article; they are who and which.

a. I have find the privilege of working in countries around the world where football plays a key role in people’s day to day lives, said Liverpool’s Roy Hodgson, who has worked in countries including Italy, Sweden and Switzerland, however, in terms of the level of passion for the game, nothing compares to that of supporters in England.

The function of Relative Pronoun who in the sentence above is used to explain Liverpool’s Roy Hodgson who has worked in countries including Italy, Sweden and Switzerland.


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b. Chelsea’s Carlo Ancelotti is one of three Italians coaching in the Premier League, which also features three Scots, thee Irishmen, two Frenchmen, two Welshmen, a Spaniard and an Israeli-along with five Englishmen.

The function of Relative Pronoun which in the sentence above is used to explain Chelsea’s Carlo Ancelotti who is one of three Italians Coaching in the Premier League.

2. Demonstrative Pronoun

There is only one demonstrative pronoun found in this article; it is this.

a. “Hosting a World Cup in this country would not only inspire the next generation of football enthusiasts here but also children around the world.”

The function of Demonstrative Pronoun this in this sentence above is used to point out the England’s country that would not only inspire the next generation of football enthusiasts here but also children around the world.

3. Indefinite Pronoun

There are only three indefinite pronouns found in this article; they are everyone, nothing, and something.

a. What everyone in the city has in common is the universal language of football and this is the same all over England.

The function of Indefinite Pronoun everyone in the sentence aboveis used to explain the people who are in the European country.

5. Possessive Pronoun

There are only three possessive pronouns found in this article; they are his, its, and their.


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a. Ancelotti led Chelsea to the double of premier league and FA Cup titles last season in his debut campaign with the west London club, and took to life England immediately.

The function of Possessive Pronoun his in the sentence above is used to explain the possession of debut that being formed by Ancelotti as the leader of Chelsea.

b. Cameron invited Blatter to 10 Downing Street in May, within days of taking office and on the eve of England’s bid leaders presenting FIFA with technical plans to host the finals.

The function of Possessive Pronoun its in the sentence above is used to explain the bid leaders that is in the England country.

To show the highest use of kinds of pronouns in the Jakarta Post’s articles

published on Monday, October 11 2010 can be seen in the table below:

Personal Pronouns

I You She He It We 5 - - - 1 1

Interrogative Pronouns

Who What Which When Where Whose Why - - - -

Relative Pronouns

That Who Whom Whose Which - 1 - - 1

Demonstrative Pronouns

This These That Those 4 - - -

Reflexive Pronouns

Myself Yourself Himself Herself Itself Ourselves - - - - Reciprocal Pronouns Each other -


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Indefinite Pronouns

One Anybody Anything Anyone Everyone Nothing Somet hing - - - - 1 1 1

Possessive Pronouns

My Your His Her Its Our Their - - 1 - 7 - 1

e) Absent Political Reforms Worry Many Foreigners, Locals

There are only three kinds of pronouns found in this article; they are personal pronoun, and possessive pronoun.

1. Personal Pronoun

There are only three personal pronouns found in this article; they are he, it, and they.

a. They see a dangerous complacency that could sap growth through unchecked power, and magnify public ire about official corruption and privilege and home evictions that sometimes and self-immolations. The function of Personal Pronoun they in the sentence above is used to explain the foreigners who see a dangerous complacency that could sap growth through unchecked power.

b. He urged changes starting at grassroots government and giving courts a measure of independence from local party bosses.

The function of Personal Pronoun he in the sentence above is used to explain about Yu Jianrong as a social researcher at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences who urges changes starting at grassroots government and giving courts a measure of independence from local party bosses.


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2. Relative Pronoun

There are only three relative pronouns found in this article; they are that, who, and which.

a. Premier Wen sticks out as the one senior official who has echoed the warnings, even if he has not spelled out what changes he favors.

The function of Relative Pronouns who in the sentence above is used to explain Premier Wen as the one senior official.

b. The Standing Committee is the party’s nine-member ruling inner circle, which includes Wen and President Hu Jintao.

The function of Relative Pronoun which in the sentence above is used to explain the party’s nine member ruling inner circle including Wen and President Hu Jiantao.

3. Possessive Pronoun

There are only three possessive pronouns found in this article; they are his, its, and their.

a. Yet quite a few of China’s own officials and intellectuals fear something may go awry without firmer steps to rein in Party power.

The function o Possessive Pronoun its in the sentence above is used to explain the possession of the own officials that is in the China.

b. Party leaders emerged from a four-day meeting on Monday to present their plan for transforming the world’s second biggest economy over the next half decade, focusing on boosting income and spending power for millions.


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The function of Possessive Pronoun their in the sentence above is used to explain about the party’s leaders who emerge from a four-day meeting on Monday to present the plan for transforming the world’s second biggest economy over the next half decade, focusing on boosting income and spending power for millions.

To show the highest use of kinds of pronouns in the Jakarta Post’s articles

published on Monday, October 20 2010 can be seen in the table below:

Personal Pronouns

I You She He It We They - - - 5 3 - 2

Interrogative Pronouns

Who What Which When Where Whose Whom - - - -

Relative Pronouns

That Who Whom Whose Which 4 1 - - 1

Demonstrative Pronouns

This These That Those - - - -

Reflexive Pronouns

Myself Yourself Himself Herself Itself Ourselves Themselves - - - - Reciprocal Pronouns Each other - Indefinite Pronouns

One Anybody Anything Anyone Everyone Everything Everybody - - - -

Possessive Pronouns

My Your His Her Its Our Their - - 2 - 5 - 2


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4.2.2 The Dominance Pronouns Found in the Articles of the

Jakarta Post Newspaper

The dominance pronouns can be seen through the percentage of their usage in the article. To get the percentage I apply the Junaidi and Suwono’s

formula (2004:40). The formula:

=

×

100

%

N

Y

X

X = the percentage of each kind of pronoun Y = the total number of each kind of pronoun N = the total of kind of pronoun

The percentages of pronouns found in the five articles can be seen through the following table:

Table 9: The percentages of pronouns

No Kinds of Pronouns Percentage

1 Personal Pronoun 44,59 %

2 Interrogative Pronoun 0 %

3 Relative Pronoun 13,51 %

4 Demonstrative Pronoun 4,05 %

5 Reflexive Pronoun 0%

6 Reciprocal Pronoun 0%


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8 Possessive Pronoun 33,78 %

The table above shows the overall figures of the use of pronouns. Personal pronouns show the highest use with the figure of 44,59 %. The second highest percentage is the possessive pronouns which show 33,78 %. The third highest percentage is the relative pronouns which show 13,51 %. The demonstrative pronouns and indefinite pronouns show the same figures which is 4,05 %, the last, the interrogative pronouns, reflexive pronouns, and reciprocal pronouns aren’t found in the articles of the Jakarta Post Newspaper.


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4.

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

1. Conclusions

After analyzing five articles of Jakarta Post Newspaper, the first article published on Monday, October 4, 2010 with the title of First lady’s music plans spark concerns, I found five kinds of pronouns; they are personal pronoun, relative pronoun, demonstrative pronoun, indefinite pronoun, and possessive pronoun, second article published on Monday, October 4, 2010 with the title of Chinese leader promises support for euro and Greece, I found three kinds of pronouns; they are personal pronoun, relative pronoun, and possessive pronoun, the third article published on Monday, October 11, 2010 with the title of Market offers used lingerie to branded clothing, I found four kinds of pronouns; they are personal pronoun, relative pronoun, indefinite pronoun, and possessive pronoun, the fourth article published on Monday, October 11, 2010 with the title of England enlist coaches to support 2018 W. Cup bid, I found five kinds of pronouns; they are personal pronoun, relative pronoun, demonstrative pronoun, indefinite pronoun, and possessive pronoun, the fifth article published on Wednesday, October 20, 2010 with the title of Absent political reforms worry many foreigners, locals, I found three kinds of pronouns; they are personal pronoun, relative pronoun, and possessive pronoun.

The functions of personal pronoun, relative pronoun, demonstrative pronoun, indefinite pronoun, and possessive pronoun found in the articles of Jakarta Post Newspaper are:


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1. The function of personal pronoun is used to give the subject of a sentence in the articles or clause.

In the first article, there are only three personal pronouns; they are she, he, and it.

In the second article, there are only five personal pronouns; they are I, he, it, and we.

In the third article, there are only six personal pronouns; they are I, you, she, he, it, and we.

In the fourth article, there are only three personal pronouns; they are I, it, and we.

In the fifth article, there are only three personal pronouns; they are he, it, and they.

2. The function of relative pronoun is used to connect two sentences in the articles.

In the first article, there are only three relative pronouns; they are that, who, and which.

In the second article, there are only three relative pronouns; they are that, who, and which.

In the third article, there are only three relative pronouns; they are that, who, and which.


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In the fourth article, there are only two relative pronouns; they are who and which.

In the fifth article, there are only three relative pronouns; they are that, who, and which.

3. The function of demonstrative pronoun is used to point out something in the articles.

In the first article, there is only one demonstrative pronoun; it is that.

In the second article, there is not found demonstrative pronoun.

In the third article, there is not found demonstrative pronoun.

In the fourth article, there is only one demonstrative pronoun; it is that.

In the fifth article, there is not found demonstrative pronoun.

4. The function of indefinite pronoun is used to be indefinite number or quantity of people or things.

In the first article, there are only two indefinite pronouns; they are everyone and everybody.

In the second article, there is not found indefinite pronoun.

In the third article, there is only one indefinite pronoun; it is everything.

In the fourth article, there are only three indefinite pronouns; they are everyone, nothing, and something.


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In the fifth article, there isn’t found indefinite pronoun.

5. The function of possessive pronoun is used to show the possession in the articles.

In the first article, there are only three possessive pronouns; they are her, its, and their.

In the second article, there are only three possessive pronouns; they are his, its, and our.

In the third article, there are only two possessive pronouns; they are your and its.

In the fourth article, there are only three possessive pronouns; they are his, its, and their.

In the fifth article, there are only three possessive pronouns; they are his, its, and their.

Based on the most appearance of the usage of pronouns in the articles of the Jakarta Post Newspaper, I can conclude that personal pronouns show the highest use with the figure of 44,59 %. The second highest percentage is the possessive pronouns which show 33,78 %. The third highest percentage is the relative pronouns which show 13,51 %. The demonstrative pronouns and indefinite pronouns show the same figures which is 4,05 %, the last, the interrogative pronouns, reflexive pronouns, and reciprocal pronouns aren’t found in the articles of the Jakarta Post Newspaper.


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1. Suggestions

In relation to the conclusion above, the suggestion for English students especially the beginners are:

1. The students must be able to make and determine the pronouns in the sentences by understanding the usages of its kinds.

2. For English students especially the beginners, it is important to be able in making sentences by understanding the usage of pronoun first.

3. I do hope this paper can be a source book that will enrich knowledge in English especially about the usage of pronouns in English sentences.


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4.

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

1. Conclusions

After analyzing five articles of Jakarta Post Newspaper, the first article published on Monday, October 4, 2010 with the title of First lady’s music plans

spark concerns, I found five kinds of pronouns; they are personal pronoun,

relative pronoun, demonstrative pronoun, indefinite pronoun, and possessive pronoun, second article published on Monday, October 4, 2010 with the title of

Chinese leader promises support for euro and Greece, I found three kinds of

pronouns; they are personal pronoun, relative pronoun, and possessive pronoun, the third article published on Monday, October 11, 2010 with the title of Market

offers used lingerie to branded clothing, I found four kinds of pronouns; they are

personal pronoun, relative pronoun, indefinite pronoun, and possessive pronoun, the fourth article published on Monday, October 11, 2010 with the title of

England enlist coaches to support 2018 W. Cup bid, I found five kinds of

pronouns; they are personal pronoun, relative pronoun, demonstrative pronoun, indefinite pronoun, and possessive pronoun, the fifth article published on Wednesday, October 20, 2010 with the title of Absent political reforms worry

many foreigners, locals, I found three kinds of pronouns; they are personal

pronoun, relative pronoun, and possessive pronoun.

The functions of personal pronoun, relative pronoun, demonstrative pronoun, indefinite pronoun, and possessive pronoun found in the articles of Jakarta Post Newspaper are:


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1. The function of personal pronoun is used to give the subject of a sentence in the articles or clause.

In the first article, there are only three personal pronouns; they are she, he, and

it.

In the second article, there are only five personal pronouns; they are I, he, it,

and we.

In the third article, there are only six personal pronouns; they are I, you, she, he, it, and we.

In the fourth article, there are only three personal pronouns; they are I, it, and

we.

In the fifth article, there are only three personal pronouns; they are he, it, and

they.

2. The function of relative pronoun is used to connect two sentences in the articles.

In the first article, there are only three relative pronouns; they are that, who,

and which.

In the second article, there are only three relative pronouns; they are that, who,

and which.

In the third article, there are only three relative pronouns; they are that, who,


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In the fourth article, there are only two relative pronouns; they are who and

which.

In the fifth article, there are only three relative pronouns; they are that, who,

and which.

3. The function of demonstrative pronoun is used to point out something in the articles.

In the first article, there is only one demonstrative pronoun; it is that.

In the second article, there is not found demonstrative pronoun.

In the third article, there is not found demonstrative pronoun.

In the fourth article, there is only one demonstrative pronoun; it is that.

In the fifth article, there is not found demonstrative pronoun.

4. The function of indefinite pronoun is used to be indefinite number or quantity of people or things.

In the first article, there are only two indefinite pronouns; they are everyone

and everybody.

In the second article, there is not found indefinite pronoun.

In the third article, there is only one indefinite pronoun; it is everything.

In the fourth article, there are only three indefinite pronouns; they are everyone,


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In the fifth article, there isn’t found indefinite pronoun.

5. The function of possessive pronoun is used to show the possession in the articles.

In the first article, there are only three possessive pronouns; they are her, its,

and their.

In the second article, there are only three possessive pronouns; they are his, its,

and our.

In the third article, there are only two possessive pronouns; they are your and

its.

In the fourth article, there are only three possessive pronouns; they are his, its,

and their.

In the fifth article, there are only three possessive pronouns; they are his, its,

and their.

Based on the most appearance of the usage of pronouns in the articles of the Jakarta Post Newspaper, I can conclude that personal pronouns show the highest use with the figure of 44,59 %. The second highest percentage is the possessive pronouns which show 33,78 %. The third highest percentage is the relative pronouns which show 13,51 %. The demonstrative pronouns and indefinite pronouns show the same figures which is 4,05 %, the last, the interrogative pronouns, reflexive pronouns, and reciprocal pronouns aren’t found in the articles of the Jakarta Post Newspaper.


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1. Suggestions

In relation to the conclusion above, the suggestion for English students especially the beginners are:

1. The students must be able to make and determine the pronouns in the sentences by understanding the usages of its kinds.

2. For English students especially the beginners, it is important to be able in making sentences by understanding the usage of pronoun first.

3. I do hope this paper can be a source book that will enrich knowledge in English especially about the usage of pronouns in English sentences.


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58

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