ANALYSIS OF COHESION IN THE MAIN ARTICLES ANALYSIS OF COHESION IN THE MAIN ARTICLES IN JAKARTA POST NEWSPAPER.
ANALYSIS OF COHESION IN THE MAIN ARTICLES
IN JAKARTA POST NEWSPAPER
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department
by
WULANDARI
A 320 060 230
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRANING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2011
ANALYSIS OF COHESION IN THE MAIN ARTICLES
IN JAKARTA POST NEWSPAPER
RESEACH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education in English Department
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
by
WULANDARI
A320 060 230
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2011
i
APPROVAL
ANALYSIS OF COHESION IN THE MAIN ARTICLES
IN JAKARTA POST NEWSPAPER
RESEARCH PAPER
by
WULANDARI
A 320 060 230
Approved to be Examined by Consultant
Consultant I
Consultant II
Dra. Malikatul Laila, M. Hum.
NIK.409
Anam Sutopo, S.Pd. M.Hum
NIK. 849
ii
ACCEPTANCE
ANALYSIS OF COHESION IN THE MAIN ARTICLES
IN JAKARTA POST NEWSPAPER
by
WULANDARI
A 320 060 230
Accepted and Approved by the Board of Examiner
School of Teacher Training and Education
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
on November …, 2010
Team of Examiner:
1. Dra. Malikatul Laila, M. Hum. (
(Chair Person)
)
2. Anam Sutopo, S.Pd. M.Hum
(Member I)
(
)
3. Drs. Sigit Haryanto, M.Hum
(Member II)
(
)
Dean,
Drs. Sofyan Anif, M.Si.
NIK. 547
iii
TESTIMONY
I hereby assert that there is no plagiarism in this research paper. There is no
other work that has been submitted to obtain the bachelor degree and as far as I
am concerned there is no opinion that has been written or published before, except
the written references which are referred in this research paper and mentioned in
the bibliography.
If any incorrectness is proved in the future dealing with my statement
above, I will be fully responsible.
Surakarta,
Januari 2011
The Writer,
WULANDARI
A 320 060 230
iv
MOTTO
No one is old enough to know better
(Halbrook Jackson)
Learn a new language and get a new soul
(Czech Proverb)
Manusia yang tidak dapat mengggunakan waktunya dengan sebaik-baiknya
termasuk golongan yang merugi
(Q.S Al-Asr)
v
DEDICATION
This research paper is proudly and wholeheartedly dedicated to:
Her beloved mother and father,
Her beloved sisters,
Her beloved brother, and
Her beloved friends.
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Assalamu‟alaikum Warohmatullahi Wabarokatuh
Alhamdulillahi Robbil „aalamin, the writer thanks to Allah SWT, the
Most Merciful, the Most Beneficent, that blessed the writer so that she can finally
accomplish this research paper as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for
getting Bachelor Degree of Education. Praise to our greatest Prophet Muhammad
SAW, his family, his companions, and his followers. Amin.
In addition, the writer would like to say her gratitude to everyone who
has given their advices, helps, and supports in accomplishing this research paper.
Thus, the writer would like to express her great gratitude and appreciation to:
1. Drs. H. Sofyan Anif, M.Si., the Dean of School of Teacher Training and
Education of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta,
2. Titis Setyabudi S.S.M.Hum, the Head of English Department of School of
Teacher Training and Education,
3. Dra. Malikatul Laila, M. Hum., the first consultant, who has given great help,
advice, correction, and guidance in accomplishing this research paper,
4. Anam Sutopo, S.Pd. M. Hum., the second consultant, who has given great
advice, correction, and help in accomplishing this research paper,
5. Her beloved mother and father, who always give enormous pray, biggest
support, care, and great attention,
6. Her lovely sister and brother (Nanik and Dedik), who have given their
tremendous care, love, support, and happiness,
vii
7. Her beloved friends (Ahmad Rifa‟i) who always accompany the writer.
Thanks for pray, support and advice,
8. Her beloved friends (Ida, Ary, Ana, Tina, Sandhit and Heni) who always
accompany the writer. Thank you for the jokes, support, laugh, trouble,
togetherness, joy, advice, and nice moment to share,
9. Her friends in Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, especially in class F
thanks for happiness and friendship,
10. All her friends in Al-Fattah and Al-Barokah, thanks for pray, support and
always accompany the writer,
11. All of her families, friends, and teachers that cannot be mentioned one by one,
who have support her a lot.
Last but not least, the writer realizes that this research is far from being
perfect. Therefore, she would like to invite to give comment and suggestion to
make this research paper better.
Wassalamu‟alaikum Warohmatullahi Wabarokatuh
Surakarta, Januari 2011
The Writer
viii
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
TITLE OF THE RESEARCH .......................................................................
i
APPROVAL..................................................................................................
ii
ACCEPTANCE ............................................................................................
iii
TESTIMONY................................................................................................
iv
MOTTO ........................................................................................................
v
DEDICATION ..............................................................................................
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ...............................................................................
vii
TABLE OF CONTENT …… .......................................................................
ix
LIST OF TABLE ..........................................................................................
xii
SUMMARY ..................................................................................................
xiii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………..
1
A. Background of the Study ..................................................
1
B. Previous Study ..................................................................
3
C. Limitation of the Study .....................................................
5
D. Problem Statement ............................................................
5
E. Objective of the Study ......................................................
5
F. Benefit of the Study ..........................................................
5
G. Research Paper Outline ....................................................
6
CHAPTER II: UNDERLYING THEORY ...................................................
8
A. Notion of Text .................................................................
8
B. Notion of Discourse ........................................................
9
ix
1.
Definition..................................................................
9
2.
Types of Discourse ...................................................
10
a. Based on the Form of Communication ................
10
b. Based on the Participant .......................................
11
c. Based on the Purpose of Communication.............
13
B. Discourse Analysis ..........................................................
19
C. Cohesion..........................................................................
19
1. Definition of Cohesion .............................................
19
2. Types of Cohesion ....................................................
21
a. Grammatical Cohesion ......................................
21
b. Lexical Cohesion ...............................................
25
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD .......................................................
27
A. Types of Research ............................................................
27
B. Object of Research ...........................................................
27
C. Data and Data Source .......................................................
27
D. Technique of Collecting Data ..........................................
28
E. Technique of Data Analyzing ..........................................
28
CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION ............................
30
A. Data Analysis .................................................................
29
1. Grammatical Cohesion................................................
29
2. Lexical Cohesion ........................................................
57
B. Discussion ......................................................................
70
x
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSSION AND SUGGESTION ................................
78
A. Conclusion ........................................................................
78
B. Suggestion ........................................................................
79
BIBLIOGRAPHY .........................................................................................
80
VIRTUAL REFERENCE .............................................................................
81
APPENDIXES ..............................................................................................
82
xi
LIST OF TABLE
Table 4.1 Types of Grammatical Cohesion.................................................
70
Table 4.2 Types of Lexical Cohesion .........................................................
74
Table 4.3 Percentages of the Data of Grammatical Cohesion ....................
76
Table Percentages of the Data of Lexical Cohesion ...................................
76
xii
SUMMARY
Wulandari. A 320 060 230. ANALYSIS OF COHESION IN THE MAIN
ARTICLES IN JAKARTA POST NEWSPAPER. Muhammadiyah
University of Surakarta. Research Paper. 2010.
The study is about describing the lexical and grammatical cohesions which
are used in the main articles in Jakarta Post Newspaper. The objectives of this
research are to describe the lexical cohesion and grammatical cohesion in the
Main Articles in Jakarta Post Newspaper.
This research is a descriptive qualitative study which analyzes the
elements of cohesions of the main articles. The data are sentences which include
the lexical and grammatical cohesions found in the Main Articles of Jakarta Post
Newspaper. The writer collects the data by reading the articles, coding, making
list on lexical and grammatical cohesion in the articles, and describing the lexical
and grammatical cohesions toward Main Articles in Jakarta Post Newspaper based
on Nunan‟s theory.
The result shows that the cohesive devices in the Main Articles include the
grammatical and lexical cohesions. The grammatical cohesions consists of
refrence; (1)personal reference 41,57%, and demonstrative refrence 6,63%,
(2)substitution 2,4%, (3)ellipsis 6,63% and (4)conjunction; Subordinative
conjunction 15,67%, coordinative conjunction 9,64% and correlative conjunction
0,6%, while the lexical cohesions consists of (1)repetition 13,26%, (2)synonymy
2.4% and (3)hyponymy 1,2%. In the Articles, the use of grammatical cohesions
are higher than the lexical cohesions.
Keyword: grammatical cohesion, lexical cohesion and Main Articles in Jakarta
Post Newspaper.
Consultant I
Consultant II
Anam Sutopo, S.Pd. M.Hum
NIK.849
Dra. Malikatul Laila, M.Hum
NIK.409
Dean,
Drs. Sofyan Anif, M. Si.
NIK. 547
xiii
IN JAKARTA POST NEWSPAPER
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department
by
WULANDARI
A 320 060 230
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRANING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2011
ANALYSIS OF COHESION IN THE MAIN ARTICLES
IN JAKARTA POST NEWSPAPER
RESEACH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education in English Department
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
by
WULANDARI
A320 060 230
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2011
i
APPROVAL
ANALYSIS OF COHESION IN THE MAIN ARTICLES
IN JAKARTA POST NEWSPAPER
RESEARCH PAPER
by
WULANDARI
A 320 060 230
Approved to be Examined by Consultant
Consultant I
Consultant II
Dra. Malikatul Laila, M. Hum.
NIK.409
Anam Sutopo, S.Pd. M.Hum
NIK. 849
ii
ACCEPTANCE
ANALYSIS OF COHESION IN THE MAIN ARTICLES
IN JAKARTA POST NEWSPAPER
by
WULANDARI
A 320 060 230
Accepted and Approved by the Board of Examiner
School of Teacher Training and Education
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
on November …, 2010
Team of Examiner:
1. Dra. Malikatul Laila, M. Hum. (
(Chair Person)
)
2. Anam Sutopo, S.Pd. M.Hum
(Member I)
(
)
3. Drs. Sigit Haryanto, M.Hum
(Member II)
(
)
Dean,
Drs. Sofyan Anif, M.Si.
NIK. 547
iii
TESTIMONY
I hereby assert that there is no plagiarism in this research paper. There is no
other work that has been submitted to obtain the bachelor degree and as far as I
am concerned there is no opinion that has been written or published before, except
the written references which are referred in this research paper and mentioned in
the bibliography.
If any incorrectness is proved in the future dealing with my statement
above, I will be fully responsible.
Surakarta,
Januari 2011
The Writer,
WULANDARI
A 320 060 230
iv
MOTTO
No one is old enough to know better
(Halbrook Jackson)
Learn a new language and get a new soul
(Czech Proverb)
Manusia yang tidak dapat mengggunakan waktunya dengan sebaik-baiknya
termasuk golongan yang merugi
(Q.S Al-Asr)
v
DEDICATION
This research paper is proudly and wholeheartedly dedicated to:
Her beloved mother and father,
Her beloved sisters,
Her beloved brother, and
Her beloved friends.
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Assalamu‟alaikum Warohmatullahi Wabarokatuh
Alhamdulillahi Robbil „aalamin, the writer thanks to Allah SWT, the
Most Merciful, the Most Beneficent, that blessed the writer so that she can finally
accomplish this research paper as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for
getting Bachelor Degree of Education. Praise to our greatest Prophet Muhammad
SAW, his family, his companions, and his followers. Amin.
In addition, the writer would like to say her gratitude to everyone who
has given their advices, helps, and supports in accomplishing this research paper.
Thus, the writer would like to express her great gratitude and appreciation to:
1. Drs. H. Sofyan Anif, M.Si., the Dean of School of Teacher Training and
Education of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta,
2. Titis Setyabudi S.S.M.Hum, the Head of English Department of School of
Teacher Training and Education,
3. Dra. Malikatul Laila, M. Hum., the first consultant, who has given great help,
advice, correction, and guidance in accomplishing this research paper,
4. Anam Sutopo, S.Pd. M. Hum., the second consultant, who has given great
advice, correction, and help in accomplishing this research paper,
5. Her beloved mother and father, who always give enormous pray, biggest
support, care, and great attention,
6. Her lovely sister and brother (Nanik and Dedik), who have given their
tremendous care, love, support, and happiness,
vii
7. Her beloved friends (Ahmad Rifa‟i) who always accompany the writer.
Thanks for pray, support and advice,
8. Her beloved friends (Ida, Ary, Ana, Tina, Sandhit and Heni) who always
accompany the writer. Thank you for the jokes, support, laugh, trouble,
togetherness, joy, advice, and nice moment to share,
9. Her friends in Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, especially in class F
thanks for happiness and friendship,
10. All her friends in Al-Fattah and Al-Barokah, thanks for pray, support and
always accompany the writer,
11. All of her families, friends, and teachers that cannot be mentioned one by one,
who have support her a lot.
Last but not least, the writer realizes that this research is far from being
perfect. Therefore, she would like to invite to give comment and suggestion to
make this research paper better.
Wassalamu‟alaikum Warohmatullahi Wabarokatuh
Surakarta, Januari 2011
The Writer
viii
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
TITLE OF THE RESEARCH .......................................................................
i
APPROVAL..................................................................................................
ii
ACCEPTANCE ............................................................................................
iii
TESTIMONY................................................................................................
iv
MOTTO ........................................................................................................
v
DEDICATION ..............................................................................................
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ...............................................................................
vii
TABLE OF CONTENT …… .......................................................................
ix
LIST OF TABLE ..........................................................................................
xii
SUMMARY ..................................................................................................
xiii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………..
1
A. Background of the Study ..................................................
1
B. Previous Study ..................................................................
3
C. Limitation of the Study .....................................................
5
D. Problem Statement ............................................................
5
E. Objective of the Study ......................................................
5
F. Benefit of the Study ..........................................................
5
G. Research Paper Outline ....................................................
6
CHAPTER II: UNDERLYING THEORY ...................................................
8
A. Notion of Text .................................................................
8
B. Notion of Discourse ........................................................
9
ix
1.
Definition..................................................................
9
2.
Types of Discourse ...................................................
10
a. Based on the Form of Communication ................
10
b. Based on the Participant .......................................
11
c. Based on the Purpose of Communication.............
13
B. Discourse Analysis ..........................................................
19
C. Cohesion..........................................................................
19
1. Definition of Cohesion .............................................
19
2. Types of Cohesion ....................................................
21
a. Grammatical Cohesion ......................................
21
b. Lexical Cohesion ...............................................
25
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD .......................................................
27
A. Types of Research ............................................................
27
B. Object of Research ...........................................................
27
C. Data and Data Source .......................................................
27
D. Technique of Collecting Data ..........................................
28
E. Technique of Data Analyzing ..........................................
28
CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION ............................
30
A. Data Analysis .................................................................
29
1. Grammatical Cohesion................................................
29
2. Lexical Cohesion ........................................................
57
B. Discussion ......................................................................
70
x
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSSION AND SUGGESTION ................................
78
A. Conclusion ........................................................................
78
B. Suggestion ........................................................................
79
BIBLIOGRAPHY .........................................................................................
80
VIRTUAL REFERENCE .............................................................................
81
APPENDIXES ..............................................................................................
82
xi
LIST OF TABLE
Table 4.1 Types of Grammatical Cohesion.................................................
70
Table 4.2 Types of Lexical Cohesion .........................................................
74
Table 4.3 Percentages of the Data of Grammatical Cohesion ....................
76
Table Percentages of the Data of Lexical Cohesion ...................................
76
xii
SUMMARY
Wulandari. A 320 060 230. ANALYSIS OF COHESION IN THE MAIN
ARTICLES IN JAKARTA POST NEWSPAPER. Muhammadiyah
University of Surakarta. Research Paper. 2010.
The study is about describing the lexical and grammatical cohesions which
are used in the main articles in Jakarta Post Newspaper. The objectives of this
research are to describe the lexical cohesion and grammatical cohesion in the
Main Articles in Jakarta Post Newspaper.
This research is a descriptive qualitative study which analyzes the
elements of cohesions of the main articles. The data are sentences which include
the lexical and grammatical cohesions found in the Main Articles of Jakarta Post
Newspaper. The writer collects the data by reading the articles, coding, making
list on lexical and grammatical cohesion in the articles, and describing the lexical
and grammatical cohesions toward Main Articles in Jakarta Post Newspaper based
on Nunan‟s theory.
The result shows that the cohesive devices in the Main Articles include the
grammatical and lexical cohesions. The grammatical cohesions consists of
refrence; (1)personal reference 41,57%, and demonstrative refrence 6,63%,
(2)substitution 2,4%, (3)ellipsis 6,63% and (4)conjunction; Subordinative
conjunction 15,67%, coordinative conjunction 9,64% and correlative conjunction
0,6%, while the lexical cohesions consists of (1)repetition 13,26%, (2)synonymy
2.4% and (3)hyponymy 1,2%. In the Articles, the use of grammatical cohesions
are higher than the lexical cohesions.
Keyword: grammatical cohesion, lexical cohesion and Main Articles in Jakarta
Post Newspaper.
Consultant I
Consultant II
Anam Sutopo, S.Pd. M.Hum
NIK.849
Dra. Malikatul Laila, M.Hum
NIK.409
Dean,
Drs. Sofyan Anif, M. Si.
NIK. 547
xiii